Horace Greeley
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| Horace Greeley | |
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| 1872 portrait of Greeley by J.E. Baker | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York's 6th district |
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| In office December 4, 1848 – March 3, 1849 |
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| Preceded by | David S. Jackson |
| Succeeded by | James Brooks |
| Personal details | |
| Born | February 3, 1811 Amherst, New Hampshire, U.S. |
| Died | November 29, 1872 (aged 61) Pleasantville, New York, U.S. |
| Political party | Whig, Liberal Republican Party, Republican |
| Spouse(s) | Mary Cheney Greeley |
| Profession | Editor, Politician |
| Religion | Universalist |
| Signature |  |
Crusading against the corruption of Ulysses S. Grant's Republican administration, he was the new Liberal Republican Party's candidate in the 1872 U.S. presidential election. Despite having the additional support of the Democratic Party, he lost in a landslide. He is the only presidential candidate to have died prior to the counting of electoral votes.
Contents
Personal life
Early life
Greeley was born on February 3, 1811,[2] in Amherst, New Hampshire, the son of poor farmers Zaccheus and Mary Greeley. He declined a scholarship to Phillips Exeter Academy and left school at the age of 14. After serving as a printer's apprentice to Amos Bliss, editor of the Northern Spectator, a newspaper in East Poultney, Vermont, and working as a printer on the Erie Gazette in Erie, Pennsylvania, in 1831 he went to New York City to seek his fortune as an editor. Three years later, having worked as a printer for the Evening Post and several other newspapers, he had accumulated enough capital to launch a weekly literary and news journal, the New Yorker, and, in 1840, a Whig campaign weekly, the Log Cabin.Marriage to Mary Cheney
Greeley married Mary Young Cheney, a young woman he met in New York City. They married in Warrenton, North Carolina, on July 5, 1836. Little is known of her early life. She was briefly a schoolteacher, and later an intermittent suffragette and spiritualist. She is reported to have been mentally unstable for much of her life. The date of her birth is uncertain; while her tombstone reads 1811, her obituary gives it as 1814.[3][4]Early in their marriage he used her $5000 in savings to fund his first private newspaper.[citation needed]
The marriage was not a happy one, and her oppressive relationship with her husband colored her life. He had little say in the running of the house, and avoided his wife and their house. However, he kept her almost constantly pregnant. Five of their seven children died quite young, at least some of them of neglect.[5]
Mary Greeley was an advocate of the Graham Diet and a Spiritualist. It's likely that she was clinically depressed and a sufferer of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. She believed one of their children, a 4 or 5 year old boy, was a spirit medium and constantly demanded that he relay communications from the afterlife. After his death, she hired the 11-year-old Margaret Fox to stay at her house and contact him.
She suffered from "consumptive lung disease" for the last twenty years of her life, and died from it on October 30, 1872. Her husband, who was running for President of the United States at the time, died 30 days later.[3]
Other Powers, The Life of Victoria Woodhull contains a chapter on the life and beliefs of Mary Greeley.
References
- Jump up ^ Emery, Michael; Emery, Edwin, The Press and America (1988) 124-6.
- Jump up ^ Nelson, Randy F. The Almanac of American Letters. Los Altos, California: William Kaufmann, Inc., 1981: 39. ISBN 0-86576-008-X
- ^ Jump up to: a b "OBITUARY.; Mrs. Horace Greeley". The New York Times (New York, NY, US). October 31, 1872. Retrieved 21 October 2013. "OBITUARY
Mrs. Horace Greeley.
The wife of Mr. Horace Greeley died in this City yesterday morning, at the residence of Mr. Alvin J. Johnson, No. 323 West Fifty-seventh-street. The immediate cause of death was a very severe attack of lung disease, a complaint which had caused her much continued suffering for nearly twenty years. Mrs. Greeley's maiden name was Mary Young Cheney, and she was born in Litchfield, Conn., in the year 1814. Enjoying unusual educational advantages, Miss Cheney became a school-teacher of rare abilities. Becoming an ardent believer in the hygienic teachings of Dr. Graham, the famous dietist, she frequented the Graham House Hotel, in this City, and there made the acquaintance of her future husband. In the beginning of 1836 she accepted an engagement as teacher in Warrenton, N. C., and married Mr. Greeley at that place in July of the same year.
During her last illness, Mrs. Greeley was attended by Mr. Greeley and her two daughters, the Misses Ida and Gabrielle. Form the first it was feared that the attack would have a fatal tendency, and her death was anticipated this week as inevitable, so that her friends were fully resigned to the worst. The funeral will take place in Dr. Chapin's church, on Friday, at the hour of noon, and will be quite private. the body will be conveyed to Green-Wood and buried there in the modest vault which belongs to the family. Her loss will be deeply felt by her family and a large circle of friends." - Jump up ^ http://www.webcitation.org/6KXRA2hiS "Mary Young Cheney Greeley". Find-A-Grave. Brooklyn, NY, US. 1 June 2004. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013. "Plot: Section 35, Lot 2344"
- Jump up ^ Other Powers: The Age of Suffrage, Spiritualism, and the Scandalous Victoria Woodhull. Books.google.com. 1998-04-21. Retrieved 2010-11-18.
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Politics and publishing
As will be seen below, his newspaper career was inextricably intertwined with his political work. While a member of the Whigs, he edited the party organ, which he later merged into his own newspaper, the Tribune. Later, he made the Tribune a mouthpiece of the newly founded Republican Party, to which he had switched allegiance. He used his newspapers to promulgate personal positions he wished to support.Whig
In 1838 leading Whig politicians selected him to edit a major national campaign newspaper, the Jeffersonian, which reached 15,000 circulation. Whig leader William Seward found him "rather unmindful of social usages, yet singularly clear, original, and decided, in his political views and theories". In 1840 he edited a major campaign newspaper, the Log Cabin which reached 90,000 subscribers nationwide, and helped elect William Henry Harrison president on the Whig ticket. In 1841 he merged his papers into the New York Tribune, which became known as the "Great Moral Organ." It soon was a success as the leading Whig paper in the metropolis; its weekly edition reached tens of thousands of subscribers across the country. Greeley was editor of the Tribune for the rest of his life, using it as a platform for advocacy of all his causes. As historian Allan Nevins explains:The Tribune set a new standard in American journalism by its combination of energy in news gathering with good taste, high moral standards, and intellectual appeal. Police reports, scandals, dubious medical advertisements, and flippant personalities were barred from its pages; the editorials were vigorous but usually temperate; the political news was the most exact in the city; book reviews and book-extracts were numerous; and as an inveterate lecturer Greeley gave generous space to lectures. The paper appealed to substantial and thoughtful people.
—Nevins, Dictionary of American Biography (1931)
Greeley supported liberal policies towards settlers; in a July 13, 1865 editorial, he famously advised "Go West, young man, go West and grow up with the country." Some have claimed that the phrase was originally written by John Soule in the Terre Haute Express in 1851,[2] but it is most often attributed to Greeley. Historian Walter A. McDougall quotes Josiah Bushnell Grinnell, the founder of Iowa's Grinnell College, as saying, "I was the young man to whom Greeley first said it, and I went." Researcher Fred R. Shapiro questions whether Greeley ever wrote it at all and cites, instead, an occurrence of Greeley writing "If any young man is about to commence the world, we say to him, publicly and privately, Go to the West" in the Aug. 25, 1838 issue of the newspaper New Yorker.[3]
A champion of the working man, he attacked monopolies of all sorts and rejected land grants to railroads. Industry would make everyone rich, he insisted, as he promoted high tariffs. He supported vegetarianism, opposed liquor, and paid serious attention to any "-ism" anyone proposed. What made the Tribune such a success were the extensive news stories, very well written by brilliant reporters, together with feature articles by fine writers. He was an excellent judge of newsworthiness and quality of reporting. His editorials and news reports explaining the policies and candidates of the Whig Party were reprinted and discussed throughout the country. Many small newspapers relied heavily on the reporting and editorials of the Tribune.
Greeley was noted for his eccentricities. His attire in even the hottest weather included a full-length coat, and he was never without an umbrella; his interests included spiritualism and phrenology.[4]
Republican
When the new Republican Party was founded in 1854, Greeley made the Tribune its unofficial national organ, and fought slavery extension and the slave power on many pages. On the eve of the Civil War, circulation nationwide approached 300,000. In 1860 he supported the ex-Whig Edward Bates of Missouri for the Republican nomination for president, an action that weakened Greeley's old ally Seward.[5]Greeley made the Tribune the leading newspaper opposing the Slave Power, that is, what he considered the conspiracy by slave owners to seize control of the federal government and block the progress of liberty. In the secession crisis of 1861 he took a hard line against the Confederacy. Theoretically, he agreed, the South could declare independence; but in reality he said there was "a violent, unscrupulous, desperate minority, who have conspired to clutch power"—secession was an illegitimate conspiracy that had to be crushed by federal power. He took a Radical Republican position during the war, in opposition to Lincoln’s moderation. In the summer of 1862, he wrote a famous editorial entitled "The Prayer of Twenty Millions" demanding a more aggressive attack on the Confederacy and faster emancipation of the slaves. One month later he hailed Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation.
Immediately after South Carolina's secession from the Union, President Abraham Lincoln had several possible plans of action. Greeley supported the stance of allowing secession stating "erring sisters should be allowed to depart in peace." Naturally, this view was unpopular among the vast majority of pro-Union Northerners. Lincoln's strong belief in preserving the Union led him to quickly disregard Greeley's idea.
Although after 1860 he increasingly lost control of the Tribune’s operations, and wrote fewer editorials, in 1864 he expressed defeatism regarding Lincoln’s chances of reelection, an attitude that was echoed across the country when his editorials were reprinted. Oddly he also pursued a peace policy in 1863–64 that involved discussions with Copperheads and opened the possibility of a compromise with the Confederacy. Lincoln was aghast, but outsmarted Greeley by appointing him to a peace commission he knew the Confederates would repudiate.
Reconstruction
In Reconstruction he took an erratic course, mostly favoring the Radicals and opposing president Andrew Johnson in 1865–66. In 1867 Greeley was one of 21 men who signed a $100,000 bond for the release of former president of the Confederacy Jefferson Davis. The move was controversial, and many Northerners thought Greeley a traitor and canceled subscriptions to the Weekly Tribune by the thousands.[6] In 1869, he ran on the Republican ticket for New York State Comptroller but was defeated by the incumbent Democrat William F. Allen.
Presidential candidacy
Main article: United States presidential election, 1872
After supporting Ulysses Grant in the 1868 election, Greeley broke from Grant and the Radicals. Opposing Grant's re-election bid, he joined the Liberal Republican Party in 1872. To everyone’s astonishment, that new party nominated Greeley as their presidential candidate. Even more surprisingly, he was officially endorsed by the Democrats, whose party he had denounced for decades.As a candidate, Greeley argued that the war was over, the Confederacy was destroyed, and slavery was dead–and that Reconstruction was a success, so it was time to pull Federal troops out of the South and let the people there run their own affairs. A weak campaigner, he was mercilessly ridiculed by the Republicans as a fool, an extremist, a turncoat, and a crank who could not be trusted. The most vicious attacks came in cartoons by Thomas Nast in Harper's Weekly. Greeley ultimately ran far behind Grant, winning only 43% of the vote.
This crushing defeat was not Greeley's only misfortune in 1872. Greeley was among several high-profile investors who were defrauded by Philip Arnold in a famous diamond and gemstone hoax. Meanwhile, as Greeley had been pursuing his political career, Whitelaw Reid, owner of the New York Herald, had gained control of the Tribune.
Final month and death
Greeley's wife died shortly before the election,[7] and he descended into madness[8] and died before the electoral votes could be cast. In his final illness, allegedly Greeley spotted Reid and cried out, "You son of a bitch, you stole my newspaper."[9] Greeley died on Friday, November 29, 1872, in Pleasantville, New York. His death came before the Electoral College met. He would have received 66 electoral votes; they were scattered among others because of his death. However, three of Georgia's electoral votes were left blank in honor of him. (Other sources report Greeley receiving three electoral votes posthumously, with those votes being disallowed by Congress.)Although Greeley had requested a simple funeral, his daughters ignored his wishes and arranged a grand affair. He is buried in Brooklyn's Green-Wood Cemetery.
Weeks before his death, Greeley drew up a new will, which left his estate to his older surviving daughter, Ida, with direction to use half the estate to support the other surviving child, Gabrielle. This replaced a will from January 1871, which directly divided the estate to the two daughters, and also provided inheritances to his siblings' families, and bequests to charities. There was a surrogate court battle to vacate the 1872 will, and ultimately, it was withdrawn. The court refused the withdrawal, but declared the 1872 will invalid due to Greeley being of unsound mind at the time.[8]
Legacy and cultural references
- The Greeley House in Chappaqua, New York, now houses the New Castle Historical Society. The local high school is named for him. Paying homage to the 19th-century paper owned by Greeley, the high school named its newspaper the Greeley Tribune. The Greeley House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.[10]
- In 1856, he designed and built Rehoboth, one of the first concrete structures in the United States.[11]
- Johnson's New Universal Cyclopaedia is dedicated to Greeley. In the Publisher's Announcement in Volume I, A.J. Johnson stated that Horace Greeley suggested the plan for the work and urged its publication, and was a primary advisor. Greeley is listed as an associate editor.
- The New York Tribune building was the first home of Pace University. Today, the site where the building stood is now the One Pace Plaza complex of Pace's New York City campus. Dr. Choate’s residence and private hospital, where Horace Greeley died, today is part of Pace's campus in Pleasantville.
- Places named after him include: Greeley, Pennsylvania, Greeley, Colorado, Greeley, Texas, Greeley, Kansas, Greeley County, Kansas (where there is also a city of Horace, and the county seat is Tribune), and Greeley County, Nebraska (which also has a town named Horace). Horace Greeley High School in Chappaqua, New York, where his house is located, is also named after him.
- Horace Greeley Square is a small park in the Herald Square area of Manhattan featuring a seated statue of Greeley designed by Alexander Doyle and was dedicated in 1890. The park is next to the site of the former New York Herald building. There is a second seated statue of Greeley in Manhattan, this one in City Hall Park downtown.
- Mount Horace Greeley is one of the highest points in the Keweenaw Peninsula of Michigan.
- The US Post Office Department issued a 4-cent Horace Greeley Famous American stamp on February 3, 1961, through the Chappaqua, New York, post office, designed by Charles R. Chickering.[12]
- Horace Greeley is depicted in the film Gangs of New York by Michael Byrne in his capacity as publisher of the Tribune.
- The name of Horace Greeley appears in Morris' comic book Lucky Luke in The Daily Star album. Lucky Luke helps a young editor, Horace Greeley, to set himself up in Dead End City and to establish his newspaper, The Daily Star.
- Horace Greeley is the subject of an anecdote recounted by Mark Twain in his lectures to the public after his return from the Sandwich Islands. The story is also retold in Roughing It. In the story, which is really a story about a story, the narrator tells of coming west on the Overland Stage and how at almost every stop someone would board the stage and, after a while, offer to tell the same humorous anecdote about Horace Greeley. It is an example of redundancy or recursiveness as a humoristic story-telling device. (Sources: Autobiography of Mark Twain, edited by Charles Neider, chapter 28; Roughing it, chapter 20)
- Hjalmar Schacht (full name: Hjalmar Horace Greeley Schacht) was named after Greeley.
City Hall Park |
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issue of 1961 |
Greeley Square, NYC |
Quotes
- “It is impossible to enslave mentally or socially a Bible-reading people. The principles of the Bible are the groundwork of human freedom.”
- "Go west, young man." (However, there is a controversy over the origin of the quote)
- Horace Greeley's The American Conflict (1864) is the source for President Andrew Jackson allegedly saying, after the Supreme Court ruling in Worcester v. Georgia, "John Marshall has made his decision: now let him enforce it!"[13]
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