Michelle Obama
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| Michelle Obama | |
|---|---|
 |
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| First Lady of the United States | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office January 20, 2009 |
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| Preceded by | Laura Bush |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Michelle LaVaughn Robinson January 17, 1964 Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse(s) | Barack Obama (m. 1992–present) |
| Children | Malia Ann Obama (b. 1998) Natasha Obama(b. 2001) |
| Residence | Hyde Park, Chicago (private) The White House (official) |
| Alma mater | Princeton University (A.B.) Harvard Law School (J.D.) |
| Profession | Lawyer |
| Religion | Protestant Christian |
| Signature |  |
Throughout 2007 and 2008, she helped campaign for her husband's presidential bid. She delivered a keynote address at the 2008 Democratic National Convention and also spoke at the 2012 Democratic National Convention. She is the mother of daughters Malia and Natasha (Sasha). As the wife of a Senator, and later the First Lady, she has become a fashion icon and role model for women, and an advocate for poverty awareness, nutrition, and healthy eating.[1][2]
Contents
Family and education
Michelle grew up in a two-story house on Euclid Street in Chicago's South Shore community area. Her parents rented a small apartment on the house's second floor from her great-aunt, who lived downstairs.[4][16][17][18] She was raised in what she describes as a "conventional" home, with "the mother at home, the father works, you have dinner around the table".[19] The family entertained together by playing games such as Monopoly and by reading.[20] They attended services at nearby South Shore Methodist Church.[16] The Robinsons used to vacation in a rustic cabin in White Cloud, Michigan.[16] She and her 21-month older brother, Craig, skipped the second grade. Her brother is now the men's basketball coach at Oregon State University. By sixth grade, Michelle joined a gifted class at Bryn Mawr Elementary School (later renamed Bouchet Academy).[21]
She attended Whitney Young High School,[22] Chicago's first magnet high school, where she was a classmate of Jesse Jackson's daughter Santita.[20] The round trip commute from the Robinsons' South Side home to the Near West Side, where the school was located, took three hours.[23] She was on the honor roll for four years, took advanced placement classes, a member of the National Honor Society and served as student council treasurer.[4] Michelle graduated in 1981 as the salutatorian of her class.[23]
Michelle was inspired to follow her brother to Princeton University;[5] Craig graduated in 1983. At Princeton, she challenged the teaching methodology for French because she felt that it should be more conversational.[24] As part of her requirements for graduation, she wrote a thesis entitled "Princeton-Educated Blacks and the Black Community."[25][26] "I remember being shocked," she says, "by college students who drove BMWs. I didn't even know parents who drove BMWs."[23] While at Princeton, she got involved with the Third World Center (now known as the Carl A. Fields Center), an academic and cultural group that supported minority students, running their day care center which also included after school tutoring.[27] Robinson majored in sociology and minored in African American studies and graduated cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts in 1985.[4][28] She earned her Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree from Harvard Law School in 1988.[29] At Harvard she participated in demonstrations advocating the hiring of professors who were members of minorities[30] and worked for the Harvard Legal Aid Bureau, assisting low-income tenants with housing cases.[31] She is the third First Lady with a postgraduate degree, after her two immediate predecessors, Hillary Rodham Clinton and Laura Bush.[32] In July 2008, Obama accepted the invitation to become an honorary member of the 100-year-old black sorority Alpha Kappa Alpha, which had no active undergraduate chapter at Princeton when she attended.[33]
She once requested that her then-fiancé meet her prospective boss, Valerie Jarrett, when considering her first career move.[19] Now, Jarrett is one of her husband's closest advisors.[40][41] The marital relationship has had its ebbs and flows; the combination of an evolving family life and beginning political career led to many arguments about balancing work and family. Barack Obama wrote in his second book, The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream, that "Tired and stressed, we had little time for conversation, much less romance".[42] However, despite their family obligations and careers, they continue to attempt to schedule date nights.[43]
The Obamas' daughters attended the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools, a private school.[44] As a member of the school's board, Michelle fought to maintain diversity in the school when other board members connected with the University of Chicago tried to reserve more slots for children of the university faculty. This resulted in a plan to expand the school.[5] Malia and Sasha now attend Sidwell Friends School in Washington, after also considering Georgetown Day School.[45][46] Michelle stated in an interview on The Ellen DeGeneres Show that they do not intend to have any more children.[47] The Obamas have received advice from past first ladies Laura Bush, Rosalynn Carter and Hillary Rodham Clinton about raising children in the White House.[46] Marian Robinson, Michelle's mother, has moved into the White House to assist with child care.[48]
Religion
Michelle Obama is a Protestant Christian. She was raised Methodist and joined the Trinity United Church of Christ, where she and Barack Obama married, performed by Rev. Jeremiah Wright. On May 31, 2008, Barack and Michelle Obama announced that they had withdrawn their membership in Trinity United Church of Christ stating that "Our relations with Trinity have been strained by the divisive statements of Reverend Wright, which sharply conflict with our own views".[49]The Obama family has attended several different churches since moving to Washington D.C. in 2009, including Shiloh Baptist Church and St. John's Episcopal Church. At the 49th African Methodist Episcopal Church's general conference, Michelle Obama encouraged the attendees to advocate for political awareness, saying "To anyone who says that church is no place to talk about these issues, you tell them there is no place better – no place better, because ultimately, these are not just political issues – they are moral issues, they're issues that have to do with human dignity and human potential, and the future we want for our kids and our grandkids."[50]
Career
Following law school, she was an associate at the Chicago office of the law firm Sidley Austin, where she first met her future husband. At the firm, she worked on marketing and intellectual property.[4] She continues to hold her law license, but as she no longer needs it for her work, it has been on a voluntary inactive status since 1993.[51][52]In 1991, she held public sector positions in the Chicago city government as an Assistant to the Mayor, and as Assistant Commissioner of Planning and Development. In 1993, she became Executive Director for the Chicago office of Public Allies, a non-profit organization encouraging young people to work on social issues in nonprofit groups and government agencies.[22] She worked there nearly four years and set fundraising records for the organization that still stood 12 years after she left.[20]
In 1996, she served as the Associate Dean of Student Services at the University of Chicago, where she developed the University's Community Service Center.[53] In 2002, she began working for the University of Chicago Hospitals, first as executive director for community affairs and, beginning May 2005, as Vice President for Community and External Affairs.[54] She continued to hold the University of Chicago Hospitals position during the primary campaign, but cut back to part-time in order to spend time with her daughters as well as work for her husband's election;[55] she subsequently took a leave of absence from her job.[56] According to the couple's 2006 income tax return, her salary was $273,618 from the University of Chicago Hospitals, while her husband had a salary of $157,082 from the United States Senate. The Obamas' total income, however, was $991,296, which included $51,200 she earned as a member of the board of directors of TreeHouse Foods, and investments and royalties from his books.[57]
She served as a salaried board member of TreeHouse Foods, Inc. (NYSE: THS),[58] a major Wal-Mart supplier with whom she cut ties immediately after her husband made comments critical of Wal-Mart at an AFL-CIO forum in Trenton, New Jersey, on May 14, 2007.[59] She serves on the board of directors of the Chicago Council on Global Affairs.[60]
Support of Barack Obama US House and Senate campaigns
Although Obama has campaigned on her husband's behalf since early in his political career by handshaking and fund-raising, she did not relish the activity at first. When she campaigned during her husband's 2000 run for United States House of Representatives, her boss at the University of Chicago asked if there was any single thing about campaigning that she enjoyed; after some thought, she replied that visiting so many living rooms had given her some new decorating ideas.[61]2008 Presidential campaign and election
The Obamas fist bump upon his winning the Democratic nomination.
The Obamas, with Joe and Dr. Jill Biden at the August 23, 2008 Vice Presidential announcement in Springfield, Illinois.
In May 2007, three months after her husband declared his presidential candidacy, she reduced her professional responsibilities by 80 percent to support his presidential campaign.[19] Early in the campaign, she had limited involvement in which she traveled to political events only two days a week and traveled overnight only if their daughters could come along;[3] by early February 2008 her participation had increased significantly, attending thirty-three events in eight days.[41] She made several campaign appearances with Oprah Winfrey.[66][67] She wrote her own stump speeches for her husband's presidential campaign and generally spoke without notes.[23]
Throughout the campaign, some media often labeled her as an "angry black woman,"[68][69][70] and some web sites attempted to propagate this image,[71] prompting her to respond: "Barack and I have been in the public eye for many years now, and we've developed a thick skin along the way. When you're out campaigning, there will always be criticism. I just take it in stride, and at the end of the day, I know that it comes with the territory."[72] By the time of the 2008 Democratic National Convention in August, media outlets observed that her presence on the campaign trail had grown softer than at the start of the race, focusing on soliciting concerns and empathizing with the audience rather than throwing down challenges to them, and giving interviews to shows like The View and publications like Ladies' Home Journal rather than appearing on news programs. The change was even reflected in her fashion choices, wearing more informal clothes in place of her previous designer pieces.[61] The View appearance was partly intended to help soften her public image,[68] and it was widely covered in the press.[73]
The presidential campaign was her first exposure to the national political scene; even before the field of Democratic candidates was narrowed to two, she was considered the least famous of the candidates' spouses.[64] Early in the campaign, she told anecdotes about the Obama family life; however, as the press began to emphasize her sarcasm, she toned it down.[57][63] New York Times op-ed columnist Maureen Dowd wrote:
I wince a bit when Michelle Obama chides her husband as a mere mortal – comic routine that rests on the presumption that we see him as a god ... But it may not be smart politics to mock him in a way that turns him from the glam JFK into the mundane Gerald Ford, toasting his own English muffin. If all Senator Obama is peddling is the Camelot mystique, why debunk this mystique?[64][74]
Oprah Winfrey joins the Obamas on the campaign trail, December 10, 2007
Obama speaks at the 2008 Democratic convention
On an October 6, 2008 broadcast, Larry King asked her if the American electorate was past the Bradley effect. She stated that her husband's achievement of the nomination was a fairly strong indicator that it was.[82] The same night she also was interviewed by Jon Stewart on The Daily Show where she deflected criticism of her husband and his campaign.[83] On Fox News' America's Pulse, E. D. Hill referred to the fist bump shared by the Obamas on the night that he clinched the Democratic presidential nomination as a "terrorist fist jab"; Hill was taken off air and the show itself was cancelled.[84][85][86]
First Lady of the United States
Obama is greeted by Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace, United Kingdom April 1, 2009
Michelle Obama and Carla Bruni
Obama advocated of her husband's policy priorities by promoting bills that support it. Obama hosted a White House reception for women's rights advocates in celebration of the enactment of the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 Pay equity law. She supported the economic stimulus bill in visits to the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development and United States Department of Education. Some observers looked favorably upon her legislative activities, while others said that she should be less involved in politics. According to her representatives, she intends to visit all United States Cabinet-level agencies in order to get acquainted with Washington.[89]
On June 5, 2009, the White House announced that Michelle Obama was replacing her current chief of staff, Jackie Norris, with Susan Sher, a longtime friend and adviser. Norris became a senior adviser to the Corporation for National and Community Service.[90]
Other initiatives of First Lady Michelle Obama include advocating on behalf of military families, helping working women balance career and family, encouraging national service, and promoting the arts and arts education.[91][92] Obama has made supporting military families and spouses a personal mission and has been increasingly bonding with military families. According to her aides, stories of the sacrifice these families make move her to tears.[92]
In November 2013, a Politico article by Michelle Cottle accusing Michelle Obama of being a "feminist nightmare" for not using her position and education to advocate for women's issues was seen with sharp criticism across the political spectrum.[93][94][95] Cottle quoted Linda Hirshman saying of Obama's trendy styles, promotion of gardening and healthy eating, and support of military families that "She essentially became the English lady of the manor, Tory Party, circa 1830s."[93] Most predominant in that criticism of Cottle was MSNBC host Melissa Harris-Perry, who rhetorically asked "Are you serious?"[95][96] Supporters of Obama note that the First Lady has been one of the only people in the administration to address obesity, through promoting good eating habits, which is one of the leading US public health crises.[97]
Let's Move!
Main article: Let's Move!
In January 2010, Obama undertook her first lead role in an administration-wide initiative, which she named "Let's Move!," to make progress in reversing the 21st century trend of childhood obesity.[100][102] On February 9, 2010, the First Lady announced Let's Move! and President Barack Obama created the Task Force on Childhood Obesity to review all current programs and create a national plan towards change.[103] Michelle Obama stated that her goal was to make this effort her legacy: "I want to leave something behind that we can say, 'Because of this time that this person spent here, this thing has changed.' And my hope is that that's going to be in the area of childhood obesity."[100] Her 2012 book American Grown: The Story of the White House Kitchen Garden and Gardens Across America is based on her experiences with the garden and promotes healthy eating.[104] Her call for action on healthy eating has been echoed by the United States Department of Defense, which has been facing an ever expanding problem of recruit obesity.[105]
LGBT rights
After the repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell on September 20, 2011, Michelle Obama included openly gay service members in her national military families initiative.[109] On March 20, 2012, Michelle Obama said her husband's Supreme Court nominees will weigh in on decisions that will determine whether Americans can "love whomever they choose".[110] On May 9, 2012, Barack and Michelle Obama came out publicly in favor of same-sex marriage. Prior to this, Michelle Obama had never stated her position on same-sex marriage publicly. Senior White House officials claim that Michelle Obama and Senior Adviser Valerie Jarrett had been the two most consistent advocates for same-sex marriage in Obama's life and who has repeatedly told her friends in the LGBT community that Obama was moving in their direction, according to people familiar with those interactions.[111] Michelle went on to say that "This is an important issue for millions of Americans, and for Barack and me, it really comes down to the values of fairness and equality we want to pass down to our girls. These are basic values that kids learn at a very young age and that we encourage them to apply in all areas of their lives. And in a country where we teach our children that everyone is equal under the law, discriminating against same-sex couples just isn't right. It's as simple as that."[112] At the 2012 DNC Michelle said "Barack knows the American Dream because he's lived it ... and he wants everyone in this country to have that same opportunity, no matter who we are, or where we're from, or what we look like, or who we love."[113]
Public image and style
Michelle Obama wore Isabel Toledo clothes made of St. Gallen Embroidery to the 2009 presidential inauguration.
The Obamas dance at a presidential inaugural ball.
At the time of her husband's election, some sources anticipated that as a high-profile African-American woman in a stable marriage she would be a positive role model who would influence the view the world has of African-Americans.[120][121] Her fashion choices were part of the 2009 Fashion week,[122] but Obama's influence in the field did not have the impact on the paucity of African-American models who participate, that some thought it might.[123][124]
Her public support grew in her early months as first lady.[87][125] She was accepted as a role model.[87] On her first trip abroad in April 2009, she toured a cancer ward with Sarah Brown, wife of British Prime Minister Gordon Brown.[126] Newsweek described her first trip abroad as an exhibition of her so-called "star power"[125] and MSN described it as a display of sartorial elegance.[115] Questions were raised by some in the American and British media regarding protocol when the Obamas met Queen Elizabeth II[127] and Michelle reciprocated a touch on her back by the Queen during a reception, purportedly against traditional royal etiquette.[127][128] Palace sources denied that any breach in etiquette had occurred.[129]
She has been compared to Jacqueline Kennedy due to her sense of style,[117] and also to Barbara Bush for her discipline and decorum.[130][131] Obama's style has been described as "fashion populist".[32] In 2010, she wore clothes, many high end, from more than 50 design companies with less expensive pieces from J. Crew and Target, and the same year a study found that her patronage was worth an average of $14 million to a company.[132] She became a fashion trendsetter, in particular favoring sleeveless dresses, including her first-term official portrait in a dress by Michael Kors, and her ball gowns designed by Jason Wu for both inaugurals.[133]
She appeared on the cover and in a photo spread in the March 2009 issue of Vogue.[134][135] Every First Lady since Lou Hoover (except Bess Truman) has been in Vogue,[134] but only Hillary Clinton had previously appeared on the cover.[136] In August 2011, she became the first woman to appear on the cover of Better Homes and Gardens magazine, as well as the first person to appear on the cover in 48 years.[137] During the 2013 Academy Awards, she became the first First Lady to announce the winner of an Oscar (Best Picture which went to Argo).[138]
The media have been criticized for focusing more on the first lady's fashion sense than her serious contributions.[32][139] She has stated that she would like to focus attention as First Lady on issues of concern to military and working families.[120][140][141] U.S.News & World Report blogger, PBS host and Scripps Howard columnist Bonnie Erbe has argued that Obama's own publicists seem to be feeding the emphasis on style over substance.[142] Erbe has stated on several occasions that she is miscasting herself by overemphasizing style.[48][143]
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