Translation from English

Friday, August 9, 2013

NYC's Rules on Cabs and Limos etc.

I had not idea what a rich history lay behind NYC's taxicabs...Or how much thought had been put into "the cab of tomorrow."

Wikipedia does, though, and I liked its history recall here in particular:

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New York City taxicabs during Midtown rush hour in Manhattan
The taxicabs of New York City, with their distinctive yellow paint, are a widely recognized icon of the city.[1] Taxicabs are operated by private companies and licensed by the New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission (TLC).[2][3] It also oversees over 40,000 other for-hire vehicles, including "black cars", commuter vans and ambulettes.[1] "Medallion taxis," the familiar yellow cabs, are the only vehicles in the city permitted to pick up passengers in response to a street hail.

As of September 2012 New York City had around 6,000 hybrid taxis, representing almost 45% of the taxis in service. – the most in any city in North America.[4][5] The Nissan NV200 won the city's bid to become the "Taxi of Tomorrow" to replaced most of the city's taxi fleet and its introduction is scheduled for October 2012. Nevertheless, this decision has faced several lawsuits and criticism.[6][7]

History

Late 1890s – The electric era


Electrobat electric car
The first taxicab company in New York City was the Samuel's Electric Carriage and Wagon Company, which began running 12 electric hansom cabs in July 1897.[8] The company ran until 1898 with up to 62 cabs operating until it was reformed by its financiers to form the Electric Vehicle Company.[9] The company then built the Electrobat electric car, and had up to 100 taxicabs running in total by 1899. 1899 also saw a number of notable firsts for the Electric Vehicle Company. On 20 May 1899, Jacob German, driving an electric taxicab received the first speeding ticket in the United States.[10][11] Later that year, on 13 September, Henry Bliss became the first victim of an automotive accident in the United States when he was hit by an electric taxicab as he was helping a friend from a streetcar.[12]

By the early 1900s the Electric Vehicle company was running up to 1,000 electric taxicabs on the streets of New York City until, in January, 1907, a fire destroyed 300 of these vehicles which, in conjunction with the Panic of 1907 caused the company to collapse.

Early 20th century – The Checker Cab


A Checker Cab.
In 1907, following the collapse of the Electric Vehicle Company, horse-drawn cabs once again became a primary means of transport around New York City. In early 1907 Harry N. Allen, incensed after being charged five dollars ($123.2 in today's dollars) for a journey of 0.75 miles (1.21 km), decided "to start a [taxicab] service in New York and charge so-much per mile." Later that year he imported 65 gasoline-powered cars from France and began the New York Taxicab Company. The cabs were originally painted red and green, but Allen repainted them all yellow to be visible from a distance. By 1908 the company was running 700 taxicabs.[8]

Within a decade several more companies opened business and taxicabs began to proliferate. The fare was 50 cents a mile, a rate only affordable to the relatively wealthy.[13]

By the 1920s, automobile manufacturers like General Motors and the Ford Motor Company began operating fleets. The most successful manufacturer, however, was the Checker Cab Manufacturing Company. Founded by Morris Markin, Checker Cabs produced large yellow and black taxis that became the most common taxis in New York City.

1930s – Medallion system introduced

During the Great Depression New York had as many as 30,000 cab drivers. With more drivers than passengers, cab drivers were working longer hours; additionally, there were concerns regarding the maintenance and mechanical integrity of the vehicles. In considering how to handle the situation, the city considered creating a taxi monopoly. The plan was abandoned after Mayor Jimmy Walker was accused of accepting a bribe from the Parmelee Company, the largest taxi company.

In 1937 Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia signed the Haas Act, which introduced official taxi licenses and the medallion system that remains in place today.

The law limited the number of licenses to 16,900, but the number dwindled to 11,787, a limit which continued until 1996 when the TLC added 133 cabs.[14] Since then more medallions have been added to the fleet; as of 2009 there are 13,237 medallions.[15]

Because the medallion system artificially restricts the number of cabs, it has been criticized as a barrier to entry to the taxi market[16] that has created a market for illegal taxicab operation in areas under-served by medallion cabs. Because the cost of leasing a medallion is so high, the system may cut into the income of drivers and raise costs to passengers. On the other hand, some transportation analysts contend that cities with no barriers to entry to the taxi market end up with an abundance of poorly maintained taxis. They say that a medallion system helps the city to better regulate taxis and enables the city to raise the standards of all taxis.[17]

The medallions which could not be sold for a simple $10 renewal fee during the 1930s are now worth hundreds of thousands of dollars with fleet medallions topping $1,000,000 in 2011.[18] Over the years, many medallions once owned by individual drivers were sold to large taxi fleets. To preserve the opportunity for individual drivers to own and drive their own taxi, certain medallions were designated for owner-operators. These cabs must be personally driven by the medallion owner for 210 nine-hour shifts per year, after which they can, if the driver chooses, be leased out. Corporate medallions, on the other hand, cost more, and are required to be leased double shifts, 365 days a year. About 29% of all taxis are owner operated, the rest are leased.

1960s – Yellow Cabs

In the 1960s New York City experienced many of the problems of social unrest that engulfed other American cities. Crime rates increased along with racial tensions. As a result, a quickly growing industry of private livery services emerged.[citation needed] Unofficial drivers were barred from picking up people on the street, but they readily found business in under-served neighborhoods.
In 1967, New York City ordered all "medallion taxis" be painted yellow to help cut down on unofficial drivers and make official taxicabs more readily recognizable.[13] The wife of the president of New Departure, Nettie Rockwell, particularly liked the color yellow and it therefore became the color of the new Rockwell taxicabs. The Rockwell Service Cab became the Yellow Taxicab when Mrs. Rockwell selected that as her choice of color for the auto.[13]

1970s – New commission, rise in taxi crimes

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New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission enforcement patch.
The New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission (TLC) was established in 1971 with jurisdiction over the city's medallion (yellow) taxicabs, livery cabs, "black cars", commuter vans, paratransit vehicles (ambulettes) and some luxury limousines. Its predecessor was the New York City Hack Bureau, operated under the aegis of the New York City Police Department. TLC Inspectors are New York State peace officers who carry batons, pepper spray, and handcuffs.

In the 1970s and 1980s, crime in New York City had become severe, and cabbies were often the victims of robberies and street crime.[citation needed]

Taxi partitions, alleged – incorrectly, by the TLC – to be bulletproof, had proven by October 1970 to be a considerable occupant interior impact hazard, in addition to failing to adequately protect cab drivers from assailants willing to use guns. In the first nine months of 1970, seven cab drivers were killed and 3,000 were robbed in NYC.[19] The response from regulators was to contend that "continued violent crime against cab drivers" (despite partition mandates) merited a new "lock-box" requirement. That requirement was abandoned, quietly, after it was realized that in response, the cabs themselves were being stolen. In response to complaints about head injuries, from impact with the partition, the TLC instituted a requirement for a "Talking Taxi Box"; this was also abandoned after an eight-year trial.[citation needed]

1980s – Demographic change in drivers

From the mid-1980s into the 1990s, demographics changed among cabbies, as new waves of immigrants arrived in New York. According to the 2000 U.S. Census, of the 62,000 cabbies in New York, 82 percent were foreign born: 23 percent from the Caribbean (the Dominican Republic and Haiti), and 30 percent from South Asia (Bangladesh, India and Pakistan).[20][21]

Production of the Checker Cab ceased, although many were still in operation. The Chevrolet Caprice and Ford Crown Victoria became the industry's top choices. Large frame, rear-wheel drive, former police cruisers, available at auctions provide a steady supply for cab fleets.
Working conditions for cabbies had changed, as crime in New York had been curtailed, while the cost of medallions increased. Fewer cabbies own their taxicabs.

1990s – Changes in types of vehicles and Operation Refusal


Chevrolet Caprice NYC Cab in the 1990s.
In 1996, Chevrolet ceased making the Caprice. The Ford Crown Victoria became the most widely used sedan for yellow cabs in New York. In addition, yellow cab operators also used the Honda Odyssey, Isuzu Oasis, Chevrolet Venture, Ford Freestar, and Toyota Sienna minivans, which offer increased passenger room. The distinctive Checker cabs were, due to their durable construction, phased out slowly. The last one was retired in July 1999, after more than 20 years in service and with nearly one million miles on its odometer.[22] Laws since 1996 require taxis be replaced every 6 years regardless of condition.

In 1996, the TLC began Operation Refusal, an undercover sting operation created to address the alleged phenomenon of service refusal. In 1998, the TLC enacted a package of regulatory reforms, inspired by Mayor Rudy Giuliani, that included a structured framework of enhanced driver standards. In 1999, actor Danny Glover filed a complaint with the TLC, after he was allegedly refused service by New York cab drivers.[23] This resulted in a highly publicized Operation Refusal crackdown on drivers who were allegedly discriminating against certain passengers, sometimes for race, but far more often because of the passenger's destination.[24]

However, Giuliani's crackdowns led to a series of successful lawsuits against the city and the TLC.[25] In 2000, a federal judge ruled that the NYPD had violated taxi drivers' First Amendment rights, by refusing to let the drivers engage in a peaceful protest of new rules. The TLC also lost a series of cases in state courts, for implementing rules without allowing for notice and comment. In 2000, another federal judge ruled that the Operation Refusal sting violated cabbies' due process rights. In 2004, TLC inspectors were embarrassed when they handcuffed and arrested 60 Minutes reporter Mike Wallace, charging him with disorderly conduct for simply questioning the treatment of his driver. In 2006, the city was forced to settle the remaining aspects of the Operation Refusal case. Under the settlement, the TLC agreed to pay a group of 500 taxi drivers $7 million.[26]

Many cabdrivers protested the new regulations sought by the Giuliani administration. In 1998, their activity formed the basis of a new taxidrivers' union, the New York Taxi Workers Alliance. Under the leadership of Bhairavi Desai, the union grew to fifteen thousand members (2011 estimate), representing almost one-third of all licensed cabdrivers in the city.[27]

2000s –New computer technologies, hybrid vehicles, and diesel vehicles


The Ford Escape Hybrid is a popular choice for hybrid cab service in New York City.
In 2005, New York introduced incentives to replace its current yellow cabs with electric hybrid vehicles such as the Toyota Prius and Ford Escape Hybrid.[28] In May 2007, New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg proposed a five-year plan to switch New York City's taxicabs to more fuel-efficient hybrid vehicles as part of an agenda for New York City to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, the plan was dropped after Cab companies complained that the cost of maintaining the new hybrid vehicles vastly outweighed the tiny amount of fuel savings they got from going smaller.[citation needed] Proponents of the traditional Lincoln Town Car and Ford Crown Victoria say they were well suited to their task, while others said customers who cared for the environment preferred hybrids.[29] Not only that, but passenger safety also became an issue with the newer vehicles,[citation needed] and 6 months after the program took effect, it was dropped. Still, the proportion of the taxi fleet made up of Crown Victorias has dropped over time. In 2010, it stood at about 60% of yellow cabs, as the number of Ford Escape Hybrid and Toyota Sienna minivans kept rising.[29]

From September to December 2007, many of the taxis participated in a voluntary public art project called Garden in Transit in which flower decals painted by children were affixed to the hoods of taxis.
The TLC has mandated that by the end of January 2008 all taxis should be equipped with a Passenger Information Monitor that is a screen in the backseat that can provide entertainment, a live GPS map of location, and be used to pay for rides by swiping a credit card. The drivers will have an electronic Driver Information Monitor in which messages can be sent to them informing them of traffic conditions and facilitating retrieving lost objects.[30]

The Toyota Prius is a popular choice for hybrid cab service in New York City.
Several taxicab drivers objecting to the cost of the devices (estimated at between $3,000 and $5,000 each)[30] staged voluntary strikes on September 5 and 6 and October 22 in 2007. The city implemented a “zone pricing” structure during the days and the strikes had minimal impact on the city according to officials.[31]

Originally, before October 2007, NYC Yellow cabs displayed the fare stickers in the front doors and the Words "NYC Taxi" and the medallion number on the back doors. On September 30, 2007, all of the yellow cab decals were redesigned. Now, the cabs are easily identified with the medallion number followed with a checker pattern on the left and right rear fenders, a futuristic fare panel on the rear doors, and a retro "NYC Taxi" logo on the front doors, with a yellow T in a black circle.[32] As of August 2012, this design is now being phased out in favor of one that drops the "axi," leaving only the NYC logo and the circle-T. Also gone is the detailed fare information on the rear doors, replaced with a simple statement of a metered rate unless traveling to JFK Airport, where a flat fare is charged (see Fares section below for details).[33]

As of February 2011, New York City had around 4,300 hybrid taxis, representing almost 33% of the 13,237 taxis in service, and about 6,000 by September 2012, representing 45% of the taxis in service. – the most in any city in North America.[4][5][34] By mid-2009, owners began retiring their original hybrid fleets after they accumulated between 300,000 and 350,000 miles per vehicle.[35][36] Two attempts by the Bloomberg administration to implement policies to force the replacement of all 13,000 New York taxis for hybrids by 2012 were blocked by court rulings,[37][38][39] and on February 28, 2011, the United States Supreme Court declined to consider an appeal by the city.[5]

2010s – Taxi of Tomorrow

In 2007, city officials outlined a project to replace existing Ford Crown Victoria taxis—which were discontinued in 2011[40]—and other taxis by 2014. In mid-2011, the TLC was to award an exclusive contract to sell and service taxicabs in New York City for 10 years. Karsan, Nissan, and Ford's bids were the three finalists, and all of their designs were based on small vans rather than sedans.[41][42] The Karsan design was later rejected due to doubts whether the company could "execute the project".[43] In the end, New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg announced the Nissan design as the winner to replace the city's 13,000 yellow cabs, to be phased in over five years starting in 2013.[6]
Finalists For Taxi of Tomorrow
Karsan V-1
Karsan V-1[44]
REJECTED 
Ford Otosan Transit Connect
Ford Transit Connect
REJECTED 
Nissan NV200
Nissan NV200
WINNER 
In 2011, New York City was sued by United Spinal Association for choosing an inaccessible "taxi of tomorrow". The Justice Department issued a "Statement of Interest", which was sent to the NY Federal District court, stating that, if the city did not mandate a wheelchair accessible taxi as the "taxi of tomorrow", it would be in violation of the Americans With Disabilites Act. On November 3–5, 2011, at the TLC's public design expo inviting the public to try out parked prototypes, the Taxis For All Campaign mounted a "Roll-In" protest. Under the eye of news media outside the Flatiron Building on Broadway at Fifth Avenue, wheelchair users tried in vain to use the future cabs.[45] Mayor Bloomberg's sustained initiative to amend the law, so that licensed livery cabs may pick up street hails just as yellow medallion cabs do, requires the Governor's approval; but Governor Andrew Cuomo opposes the City's choice of a non-wheelchair-accessible yellow cab. Thus, a compromise plan was announced in December 2011: the next 4,000 new medallions must go to accessible cabs, and the Governor will ratify the Mayor's initiative to let livery cars compete for street hails.

Nissan NV200 "taxi of tomorrow" on test in New York City in May 2013
A fully electric version of the Nissan e-NV200 van may be available by 2017.[46] However to test the concept, Nissan is sponsoring a pilot program with six Nissan Leaf electric cars and their charging stations, deployed to study the use of zero-emission electric vehicles as taxis. The Leafs were initially scheduled to be deployed in 2012, one year before the Nissan NV200s taxis were scheduled to be introduced.[47] However, the pilot program was launched in April 2013, and by June 2013, only four Leafs are providing cab service in the city.[7][48]
Replacement of the hybrid fleet
The deployment of the city's Taxi of Tomorrow would result in almost all the existing fleet, of which about 6,000 are hybrid electric vehicles, to be replaced within 3 years with the non hybrid Nissan NV200 passenger van. Only about 1,000 taxis will not be phase out and exempted for various reasons, such as 273 taxis whose medallions require that they be high-mileage vehicles.[7][4] However, in early 2013 the Greater New York Taxi Association filed suit against the city arguing that the Taxi of Tomorrow plan violates a section of the city’s administrative code because the Nissan NV200 is not a hybrid.[49] In May 2013 a State Supreme Court judge blocked the Bloomberg administration’s plan for introducing the Taxi of Tomorrow, ruling that indeed it violated a New York City provision requiring a hybrid option for taxi operators. City officials did not challenge the judge’s ruling.[50] In June 2013, the Taxi and Limousine Commission on Thursday approved an adjusted set of rules in an effort to introduce the Taxi of Tomorrow as scheduled by October 2013. According to the adjusted rules, only hybrids with a large interior of at least 130 cu ft (3,700 L) will be permitted. Taxi operators complained that the only compliant hybrids are prohibitively expensive. A spokesman for the commission noted that the Prius V is available for US$26,650, aboutUS$3,000 less than the NV200. Two other hybrids comply with the rule are the Lexus RX 450h(US$46,310) and the Toyota Highlander Hybrid (US$41,410).[7][51]

Approved taxi models

As of 2012, approved models[52] for use as New York City taxis are:
Only "medallion taxicabs," those painted in distinctive yellow and regulated by the TLC, are permitted to pick up passengers in response to a street hail. The TLC also regulates and licenses for-hire vehicles, known as "car services" or "livery cabs," which are prohibited from picking up street hails (although this rule is less often enforced in the boroughs outside Manhattan)[53] and are supposed to pick up only those customers who have called the car service's dispatcher and requested a car. Following state legislation passed in 2011, the TLC voted in April 2012 to allow livery cabs to be licensed to make street pick-ups in the outer boroughs and northern Manhattan, a rule in effect starting in summer 2012.[54]
While medallion taxicabs in New York are always yellow, car service vehicles may be any color but yellow; they are usually black and are sometimes called "black car" services.[citation needed] Despite the de jure prohibition on picking up passengers who hail on the street, some livery cabs nevertheless do so anyway, often to make extra money. When a livery cab engages in street pick-ups, it becomes known as a "gypsy cab."[citation needed] They are often found in areas not routinely visited by medallion cabs, and authorities tend to turn a blind eye to the practice rather than leave sections of the city without cab service.
Medallion taxicabs are named after the medallion issued by the TLC and attached to a taxi’s hood. Medallions are sold from the City at infrequent auctions, or by a medallion owner. Because of their high prices (often over $700,000)[55] medallions (and most cabs) are owned by investment companies and are leased to drivers ("hacks"). An auction was held in 2006 where 308 new medallions were sold. In the 2006 auction, all medallions were designated as either hybrids (254) or handicap accessible (54) taxis. In October 2011, due to the longtime trend in the medallions' supply and demand, auction prices first topped $1 million.[56][citation needed]
By comparison, in 2004, a taxi driver had an average yearly gross revenue of $90,747 and a net income of $49,532.[57]

A livery car on Staten Island

Hailing a medallion taxicab

Medallion cabs are concentrated in the borough of Manhattan, but patrol throughout the five boroughs of New York City and may be hailed with a raised hand or by standing at a taxi stand. A cab's availability is indicated by the lights on the top of the car. When no lights are lit, the cab is occupied by passengers. When just the center light showing the medallion number is lit, the cab is empty and available. When the OFF and DUTY inscriptions to either side of the medallion number are lit, (with the medallion number lit or off) the cab is off duty and not accepting passengers. In Fall 2011, the TLC announced a plan to replace the three-light system with a simple indicator as to whether the taxi is available.
As with livery cabs, there is an additional round amber light mounted on the left side of the trunk, as well as an amber light at the front of the cab, usually hidden from view behind the grille. When activated by the driver, these "trouble lights" blink to summon the police.
A maximum of four passengers may be carried in most cabs, although larger minivans may accommodate five passengers, and one child under seven can sit on an adult’s lap in the back seat if the maximum has been reached.[58] Drivers are required to pick up the first or closest passenger they see, and may not refuse a trip to a destination anywhere within the five boroughs, neighboring Westchester, Nassau, or to Newark Liberty International Airport.[59] The TLC undertakes undercover operations to ensure cabbies do not engage in racial profiling or otherwise discriminate against passengers hailing cabs.[60]

New York medallion taxicab in a prior livery. The medallion number is on the side of the taxicab.

Mobile apps for taxis

Question book-new.svg
 This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2013)
There are mobile apps designed to help people find, hail, and share cabs in New York City:
  • In March 2010,[citation needed] Sense Networks released CabSense. The iPhone/Android phone app uses location data collected from the New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission to predict which corners in New York City are best for finding and hailing a cab at any given hour of any given day of the week.
  • Report A Taxi, launched by Y INTERACT and Elyxor in 2011, allows passengers to comment on their cab ride experiences and to report drivers to the Taxi and Limousine Commission.
  • Taxi Snapshot, released in 2012 by Reddyset, allows taxi riders to see pictures of previous visitors in the same cab.
  • Hailo is set to launch in NYC when the TLC announces the beginning of the e-hailing pilot program. Launched in November 2011, Hailo is available in London, Dublin, Toronto, Chicago and Boston – and coming next to New York, Tokyo, Barcelona, Washington DC and Madrid. A Hailo hail is accepted around the world every five seconds from Hailo’s global network of tens of thousands of drivers and hundreds of thousands of passengers. In addition, 50% of London’s drivers are Hailo members.
Other NYC cab apps include Cash Cab by Capcom Interactive, Inc., CabCorner.com and Weeels.

Fares

As of 4 September 2012, fares begin at $2.50 ($3.00 between 8:00 p.m. and 6:00 am, and $3.50 during the peak weekday hours of 4:00–8:00 p.m.) and increase based on the distance traveled and time spent in slow traffic (50 cents for each one-fifth of a mile or each 50 seconds stopped or travelling under 12 miles an hour).[61] An additional 50¢ tax is added to all trips within New York City. For trips to Nassau and Westchester counties, fare is the metered rate from the point of origin to the city limit, then twice the metered rate from the city limit to the destination. All trips between Manhattan and JFK International Airport are charged a flat rate of $52. All trips to Newark Airport are charged the metered rate plus $17.50. The passenger also has to pay for any portion of the trip where the cab is driven on a toll road. The taxi must have an E-ZPass tag, and passengers pay the discounted E-ZPass toll rates.
According to an April 2011 study by the Chicago Dispatcher, New York City taxis have a relatively low standard fare, charging an estimated $14.10 for a distance of five miles and five minutes wait time (compared to an estimated $18.48 in West Hollywood, CA and $12.87 in Houston, TX).[62] Taxi drivers are not permitted to use cell phones while transporting passengers, even if they use a hands-free headset, although this is widely ignored by drivers.[63]
In 1999, 241 million passengers rode in New York taxis. The average cab fare in 2000 was $6; passengers paid a total of over $1 billion in fares that year.[13]

Crash test

As of 2012, New York taxis are only crash-tested before being equipped as a cab. According to Nissan, "The Nissan NV200 will be the only New York Taxi to be crash-tested with the partition installed."[64]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission (2006-03- 09). "The State of the NYC Taxi" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-02-18.
  2. ^ Moynihan, Colin (August 24, 2007). "Rival Drivers’ Groups Disagree on Likelihood of Taxi Strike". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 July 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2012. "...a decision by the Taxi and Limousine Commission that requires all of the city’s 13,087 medallion taxis to be equipped by the end of January with new technology..."
  3. ^ "About TLC". New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
  4. ^ a b c Ted Mann (2012-09-19). "New Cab Plan Curbs Hybrids". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2012-09-23.
  5. ^ a b c Grynbaum, Michael M. (2011-02-28). "City’s Lengthy Push for Hybrid-Engine Taxicabs Hits a Legal Dead End". New York Times. Retrieved 2011-03-01.
  6. ^ a b Wall Street Journal – New York’s Next Taxi Will Be a Nissan WSJ.com Metropolis section, published May 3, 2011, 11:27 AM ET
  7. ^ a b c d Jim Motavalli (2013-06-20). "The epic fight over New York's Taxi of Tomorrow". Mother Nature Network. Retrieved 2013-06-22.
  8. ^ a b http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11804573 Accessed August 16, 2010.
  9. ^ http://www.earlyelectric.com/carcompanies.html Accessed August 16, 2010.
  10. ^ http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/05/dayintech_0521 Accessed August 16, 2010.
  11. ^ Ellis, Edward Robb (2005) [1966]. The Epic of New York City: A Narrative History. New York: Avalon. p. 461. ISBN 978-0-7867-1436-0. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
  12. ^ http://www.pbs.org/wnet/taxidreams/history/ Accessed August 16, 2010.
  13. ^ a b c d PBS and WNET (2001-08). "Taxi Dreams". Retrieved 2007-02-18.
  14. ^ van Gelder, Lawrence (May 11, 1996). "Medallion Limits Stem From the 30's". The New York Times.
  15. ^ "Annual Report" (PDF). nyc.gov. 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2010.
  16. ^ Regulation Magazine, Vol. 20 No. 1, 1997[dead link]
  17. ^ – Schaler Consulting Report
  18. ^ Grynbaum, Michael M. (October 20, 2011). "2 Taxi Medallions Sell for $1 Million Each". City Room (blog). The New York Times.
  19. ^ NY Times Oct. 4, 1970[page needed]
  20. ^ Bebepe, Jen. Turning yellow cabs into gold: Long days behind the wheel pay off as drivers become property owners", The Real Deal, September 2007. Accessed October 3, 2007. "In 2000, Bangladesh replaced Pakistan as the No. 1 country of origin for newly licensed cab drivers; some 18 percent of drivers were from the South Asian country, compared to 10 percent in 1991, and 1 percent in 1984. In all, 91 percent of New York City cabbies are foreign-born."
  21. ^ "The Changing Face of Taxi and Limousine Drivers", Schaller Consulting. Accessed October 3, 2007.
  22. ^ Wilgoren, Jodi. "Last New York Checker Turns Off Its Meter for Good", The New York Times, July 27, 1999. Accessed August 20, 2008. "The Taxi and Limousine Commission says his Checker, which is on its third engine and nearing one million miles on the odometer, needs a new chassis. Mr. Johnson's mechanic says that would cost $6,000 or more."
  23. ^ Williams, Monte. " Danny Glover Says Cabbies Discriminated Against Him", The New York Times, November 4, 1999. Accessed October 7, 2007. "The actor Danny Glover, of the Lethal Weapon series, Beloved, and other films, filed a complaint yesterday with the City Taxi and Limousine Commission, charging a cabdriver with discrimination on Oct. 9 for refusing to allow him to ride in the front passenger seat."
  24. ^ Bumiller, Elisabeth. " Cabbies Who Bypass Blacks Will Lose Cars, Giuliani Says", The New York Times, November 11, 1999. Accessed October 7, 2007. "Mr. Giuliani described the crackdown as a toughening of two existing but only minimally successful undercover efforts, both called Operation Refusal, one run by the Police Department, the other by the Taxi and Limousine Commission."
  25. ^ Kennedy, Randy (May 1, 2002). "Cabbies Entitled to Hearings, Judge Rules". New York Times, May 1, 2002. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
  26. ^ Lueck, Thomas J. "New York City to Pay Settlement to Taxi Drivers Accused of Bias", The New York Times, March 8, 2006. Accessed October 7, 2007. "Under the agreement, termed a "settlement in principle" by Paula Van Meter, a lawyer for the city, about $7 million from the city will go to the cabbies, who were penalized without having been granted hearings, for showing bias toward passengers, refusing to take them to certain locations, or other violations. The cabbies were penalized by the Taxi and Limousine Commission from late 1999 through early 2002 under Operation Refusal, an enforcement tactic begun after the actor Danny Glover complained that five taxis had refused to stop for him because he is black."
  27. ^ Widdicombe, Lizzie (April 18, 2011). "Thin Yellow Line". The New Yorker (Condé Nast): 72–77. Retrieved 31 July 2011.
  28. ^ New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission (2005-09-08). "Taxi and Limousine Commission Votes Today to Authorize Cleaner, Greener Hybrid-Electric Taxicabs". Retrieved 2006-08-16.
  29. ^ a b Grynbaum, Michael M. (June 25, 2010). "Two Car Models, New York Emblems, Discontinued". The New York Times.
  30. ^ a b Medallion Taxicab Technology Enhancements – nyc.gov – Retrieved November 9, 2007
  31. ^ Lopez, Elias E. (October 23, 2007). "City Cabdrivers Strike Again, but Protest Gets Little Notice". The New York Times.
  32. ^ . New York http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2007/09/29/2007-09-29. Missing or empty |title= (help)[dead link]
  33. ^ Dunlap, David W. (2012-08-22). "In the City, ‘T’ Stands for Taxi". New York Times. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  34. ^ Newman, William (2009-03-29). "Panel Enacts Incentives for Hybrids in Cab Fleets". New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
  35. ^ "Ford’s US Hybrid Sales Up 73% for First 9 Months of 2009; Total US Hybrid Sales Down 14% for Same Period". Green Car Congress. 2009-10-14. Retrieved 2009-10-17.
  36. ^ Gober, Fred. "Hybrid taxis slowly catching on in the west". Infotaxi. Retrieved 2009-10-17.
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  42. ^ http://autos.aol.com/article/taxi-of-tomorrow/
  43. ^ Bloomberg.com New York Rejects Karsan Bid to Supply New Taxi Fleet, NYT Says By Ercan Ersoy – May 2, 2011 5:43 AM ET
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  45. ^ "Taxis For All to Hold Roll-In for Civil Rights at Display of Non-Accessible Taxi of Tomorrow", Nov. 2, 2011
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  50. ^ Matt Flegenheimer (2013-02-10). "Judge Blocks Plan by City for New Taxis". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-06-22.
  51. ^ Matt Flegenheimer (2013-06-20). "Panel Adopts New Rules for Taxi of Tomorrow". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-06-22.
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  55. ^ TLC : Average Medallion Prices.
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