Frederick Law Olmsted

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Not to be confused with Frederick E. Olmsted.

Frederick Law Olmsted, Sr.

Born	April 26, 1822^[1] Hartford, Connecticut
Died	August 28, 1903 (aged 81) Belmont, Massachusetts
Occupation	landscape architect, journalist
Children	John Charles Olmsted, Marion and Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr.
Parent(s)	John and Charlotte Olmsted
Signature

Frederick Law Olmsted (April 26, 1822 – August 28, 1903) was an American landscape architect, journalist, social critic, and public administrator. He is popularly considered to be the father of American landscape architecture, although many scholars have bestowed that title upon Andrew Jackson Downing. Olmsted was famous for co-designing many well-known urban parkswith his senior partner Calvert Vaux, including Prospect Park and Central Park in New York City,^[2] as well as Elm Park (Worcester, Massachusetts), considered by many to be the first municipal park in America.

Other projects that Olmsted was involved in include the country's first and oldest coordinated system of public parks and parkways in Buffalo, New York; the country's oldest state park, the Niagara Reservation in Niagara Falls, New York; one of the first planned communities in the United States, Riverside, Illinois; Mount Royal Park in Montreal, Quebec; the Emerald Necklace in Boston, Massachusetts; Highland Park in Rochester, New York; Belle Isle Park, in the Detroit River for Detroit, Michigan; Presque Isle Park in Marquette, Michigan;^[3] the Grand Necklace of Parks in Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Cherokee Park and entire parks and parkway system in Louisville, Kentucky; the 735-acre (297 ha) Forest Park in Springfield, Massachusetts, featuring America's first public "wading pool";^[4] the George Washington Vanderbilt II Biltmore Estate in Asheville, North Carolina; the master plans for the University of California, Berkeley and Stanford University near Palo Alto, California as well as for The Lawrenceville School; and Montebello Park in St. Catharines, Ontario. In Chicago his projects include: Jackson Park; Washington Park; the Midway Plaisance for the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition; the south portion of Chicago's "emerald necklace" boulevard ring; Cadwalader Park in Trenton, New Jersey; and the University of Chicago campus. In Washington, D.C., he worked on the landscape surrounding the United States Capitol building.

The quality of Olmsted's landscape architecture was recognized by his contemporaries, who showered him with prestigious commissions. His work, especially in Central Park in New York City, set a standard of excellence that continues to influence landscape architecture in the United States. His second line of achievement involves his activism in conservation, including work at Niagara Falls, the Adirondack region of upstate New York, and the National Park system. Thirdly, he played a major role in organizing and providing medical services to the Union Army in the Civil War.^[5]

[hide]

Biography[edit]

Early life and education[edit]

Olmsted was born in Hartford, Connecticut, on April 26, 1822. His father, John Olmsted, was a prosperous merchant who took a lively interest in nature, people, and places; Frederick Law and his younger brother, John Hull, also showed this interest. His mother, Charlotte Law (Hull) Olmsted, died before his fourth birthday.^[6] His father remarried in 1827 to Mary Ann Bull, who shared her husband's strong love of nature and had perhaps a more cultivated taste.

When the young Olmsted was almost ready to enter Yale College, as a graduate of Phillips Academy in 1838, sumac poisoning weakened his eyes so he gave up college plans. After working as a seaman, merchant, and journalist, Olmsted settled on a farm in January 1848 on the south shore of Staten Island which his father helped him acquire. This farm, originally named the Akerly Homestead, was renamed Tosomock Farm by Olmsted. It was later renamed "The Woods of Arden" by owner Erastus Wiman. (The house in which Olmsted lived still stands at 4515 Hylan Boulevard, near Woods of Arden Road.)

Marriage and family[edit]

On June 13, 1859, Olmsted married Mary Cleveland (Perkins) Olmsted, the widow of his brother John (who had died in 1857). Daniel Fawcett Tiemann, the mayor of New York officiated the wedding. He adopted her three sons (his nephews), among them John Charles Olmsted and Frederick "Fritz" Erskine Olmsted. Frederick and Mary had two children together who survived infancy: a daughter, Marion (born October 28, 1861) and a son Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr.Their first child, John Theodore Olmsted, was born on June 13, 1860 and died in infancy.^[7]

Career[edit]

Journalism[edit]

Olmsted had a significant career in journalism. In 1850 he traveled to England to visit public gardens, where he was greatly impressed by Joseph Paxton's Birkenhead Park. He subsequently wrote and published Walks and Talks of an American Farmer in England in 1852. This supported his getting additional work.

Interested in the slave economy, he was commissioned by the New York Daily Times (now The New York Times) to embark on an extensive research journey through the American South and Texas from 1852 to 1857. His dispatches to the Times were collected into three volumes (A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States (1856),A Journey Through Texas (1857), A Journey in the Back Country in the Winter of 1853-4 (1860)) which remain vivid first-person social documents of the pre-war South. A one-volume abridgment, Journeys and Explorations in the Cotton Kingdom (1861), was published during the first six months of the American Civil War at the suggestion of Olmsted's English publisher. .^[8] To this he wrote a new introduction (on "The Present Crisis") in which he stated explicitly his views on the effect of slavery on the economy and social conditions of the southern states.

My own observation of the real condition of the people of our Slave States, gave me ... an impression that the cotton monopoly in some way did them more harm than good; and although the written narration of what I saw was not intended to set this forth, upon reviewing it for the present publication, I find the impression has become a conviction.

He argued that slavery had made the slave states inefficient (a set amount of work took 4 times as long in Virginia as in the North) and backward both economically and socially. The profits of slavery fell to no more than 8,000 owners of large plantations; a somewhat larger group had about the standard of living of a New York City policeman, but the proportion of the free white men who were as well-off as a Northern working man was small. Slavery meant that 'the proportion of men improving their condition was much less than in any Northern community; and that the natural resources of the land were strangely unused, or were used with poor economy.'

Southern civilization was restricted to the wealthy plantation owners; the poverty of the rest of the Southern white population prevented the development of civil amenities taken for granted in the North, he said.

The citizens of the cotton States, as a whole, are poor. They work little, and that little, badly; they earn little, they sell little; they buy little, and they have little – very little – of the common comforts and consolations of civilized life. Their destitution is not material only; it is intellectual and it is moral... They were neither generous nor hospitable and their talk was not that of evenly courageous men.^[9]

In between his travels in Europe and the South, Olmsted served as an editor for Putnam's Magazine and an agent with Dix, Edwards and Co., prior to the company's insolvency during the Panic of 1857. In 1865 Olmsted co-founded the magazine The Nation.

New York City's Central Park[edit]

View of Willowdell Arch with the team that created Central Park. Standing on the pathway over the span, from Right: Frederick Law Olmsted, Jacob Wrey Mould, Ignaz Anton Pilat, Calvert Vaux, George Waring, and Andrew Haswell Green. Photographed in 1862.

Andrew Jackson Downing, the charismatic landscape architect from Newburgh, New York, was one of the first who proposed the development of New York's Central Park in his role as publisher of The Horticulturist magazine. A friend and mentor to Olmsted, Downing introduced him to the English-born architect Calvert Vaux. Downing had brought Vaux from England as his architect collaborator. After Downing died in July 1852, in a widely publicized steamboat explosion on the Hudson River, Olmsted and Vaux entered the Central Park design competition together, against Egbert Ludovicus Viele among others. Vaux had invited the less experienced Olmsted to participate in the design competition with him, having been impressed with Olmsted's theories and political contacts. Prior to this, in contrast with the more experienced Vaux, Olmsted had never actually designed and executed a landscape design.

They were announced as winners in 1858. On his return from the South, Olmsted began executing their plan almost immediately. Olmsted and Vaux continued their informal partnership to design Prospect Park in Brooklyn from 1865 to 1873.^[10] That was followed by other projects. Vaux remained in the shadow of Olmsted's grand public personality and social connections.

Olmsted and Vaux in 1863 adopted 'landscape architect' as a professional title and used it to describe their work for the planning of urban park systems.

The design of Central Park embodies Olmsted's social consciousness and commitment to egalitarian ideals. Influenced by Downing and his own observations regarding social class in England, China, and the American South, Olmsted believed that the common green space must always be equally accessible to all citizens. This principle is now fundamental to the idea of a "public park", but was not assumed as necessary then. Olmsted's tenure as park commissioner in New York was a long struggle to preserve that idea.^{[citation needed]}

Leader of Sanitary Commission[edit]

Olmsted took leave as director of Central Park to work as Executive Secretary of the U.S. Sanitary Commission, a precursor to the Red Cross in Washington, D.C. He tended to the wounded during the American Civil War. In 1862 during Union General George B. McClellan's Peninsula Campaign, Olmsted headed the medical effort for the sick and wounded at White House in New Kent County, where there was a ship landing on the Pamunkey River.

On the home front, Olmsted was one of the six founding members of the Union League Club of New York.

In addition to the above Olmsted helped to raise three colored (African American) regiments in New York City and organized a fair which raised one million dollars for the United States Sanitary Commission.

In recognition of his services during the Civil War, Olmsted was elected a Third Class member of the Massachusetts Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (MOLLUS) on May 2, 1888 and was assigned insignia number 6345. Olmsted's election to MOLLUS is significant in that he was one of the few civilians elected to membership in an organization composed almost exclusively of military officers and their descendants.^[11] In 1891 he joined the Connecticut Society of the Sons of the American Revolution by right of his descent from his grandfather Benjamin Olmsted who served in the 4th Connecticut Regiment in 1775.^[12]

U.S. park designer[edit]

In 1863 he went west to become the manager of the Rancho Las Mariposas-Mariposa mining estate in the Sierra Nevada mountains in California.^[13]

In 1865 Vaux and Olmsted formed Olmsted, Vaux & Co. When Olmsted returned to New York, he and Vaux designed Prospect Park; suburban Chicago's Riverside parks; the park system for Buffalo, New York; Milwaukee, Wisconsin's grand necklace of parks; and the Niagara Reservation at Niagara Falls.

Olmsted not only created numerous city parks around the country, he also conceived of entire systems of parks and interconnecting parkways to connect certain cities to green spaces. Some of the best examples of the scale on which Olmsted worked are the park system designed for Buffalo, New York, one of the largest projects; the system he designed for Milwaukee, Wisconsin and the park system designed for Louisville, Kentucky, which was one of only four completed Olmsted-designed park systems in the world.^{[citation needed]}

For a list of Olmsted designed parks in Buffalo, New York, see Buffalo, New York parks system.

Frederick Law Olmsted, oil painting by John Singer Sargent, 1895, Biltmore Estate, Asheville, North Carolina

Olmsted was a frequent collaborator with architect Henry Hobson Richardson, for whom he devised the landscaping schemes for half a dozen projects, including Richardson's commission for the Buffalo State Asylum.^[14]

In 1883 Olmsted established what is considered to be the first full-time landscape architecture firm in Brookline, Massachusetts. He called the home and office compound Fairsted. It is now the restored Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site. From there Olmsted designed Boston's Emerald Necklace, the campuses of Stanford University and the University of Chicago, as well as the 1893 World's Fair in Chicago, among many other projects.

Conservationist[edit]

Olmsted was an important early leader of the conservation movement in the United States. An expert on California, he was likely one of the gentlemen "of fortune, of taste and of refinement" who proposed, through Senator John Conness, that Congress designate Yosemite Valley and Mariposa Big Tree Grove as public reserves.^[15] This was the first land set aside by Congress for public use. Olmsted served a one-year appointment on the Board of Commissioner of the state reserve, and his 1896 report to Congress on the board's recommendations laid an ethical framework for the government to reserve public lands, to protect their "value to posterity". He described the "sublime" and "stately" landscape, emphasizing that the value of the landscape was not in any one individual waterfall, cliff, or tree, but in the "miles of scenery where cliffs of awful height and rocks of vast magnitude and of varied and exquisite coloring, are banked and fringed and draped and shadowed by the tender foliage of noble and lovely trees and bushes, reflected from the most placid pools, and associated with the most tranquil meadows, the most playful streams, and every variety of soft and peaceful pastoral beauty."^[16]

In the 1880s he was active in efforts to conserve the natural wonders of Niagara Falls, which was threatened with industrialization by the building electrical power plants. At the same time he campaigned to preserve the Adirondack region in upstate New York. He was one of the founders of the American Society of Landscape Architects in 1898.^[17]

Death and legacy[edit]

In 1895 senility forced Olmsted to retire. In 1898 he moved to Belmont, Massachusetts, and took up residence as a patient at McLean Hospital, for whose grounds he had submitted a design which was never executed. He remained there until his death in 1903. He was buried in the Old North Cemetery, Hartford, Connecticut.

After Olmsted's retirement and death, his sons John Charles Olmsted and Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., continued the work of their firm, doing business as the Olmsted Brothers. The firm lasted until 1980. Many works by the Olmsted sons are mistakenly credited to Fredrick Law Olmsted today. For instance, the Olmsted Brothers firm did a park plan for Portland, Maine, in 1905, creating a series of connecting parkways between existing parks and suggesting improvements to those parks. The oldest of these parks, Deering Oaks, had been designed by City Engineer William Goodwin in 1879 but is today frequently described as a Frederick Law Olmsted designed park.

A quotation from Olmsted's friend and colleague architect Daniel Burnham could serve as an epitaph. Referring to Olmsted in March 1893, Burnham said, "An artist, he paints with lakes and wooded slopes; with lawns and banks and forest covered hills; with mountain sides and ocean views."^[18]

A residence hall at the University of Hartford was named in his honor. Olmsted Point, located in Yosemite National Park,^[19] was named after Olmsted and his son, Frederick.^[20]

Olmsted's principles of design[edit]

This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (November 2012)

Drawing influences from English landscape and gardening,^[21] Olmsted's principles of design, generally speaking, encourage the full utilization of the naturally occurring features of a given space, its "genius"; the subordination of individual details to the whole so that decorative elements do not take precedence, but rather the whole space; concealment of design, design that does not call attention to itself; design which works on the unconscious to produce relaxation; and utility or purpose over ornamentation. A bridge, a pathway, a tree, a pasture: any and all elements are brought together to produce a particular effect.

Olmsted designed primarily in the pastoral and picturesque styles, each to achieve a particular effect. The pastoral style featured vast expanses of green with small lakes, trees and groves and produced a soothing, restorative effect on the viewer. The picturesque style covered rocky, broken terrain with teeming shrubs and creepers and struck the viewer with a sense of nature's richness. The picturesque style played with light and shade to lend the landscape a sense of mystery.

Scenery was designed to enhance the sense of space: indistinct boundaries using plants, brush and trees as opposed to sharp ones; interplay of light and shadow close up and blurred detail further away. A vast expanse of greenery at the end of which lies a grove of yellow poplar; a path that winds through a bit of landscape and intersects with others, dividing the terrain into triangular islands of successive new views.

Subordination strives to use all objects and features in the service of the design and its intended effect. It can be seen in the subtle use of naturally occurring plants throughout the park. Non-native species planted for the sake of their own uniqueness defeat the purpose of design, as that very uniqueness draws attention to itself where the intention is to enable relaxation: utility above all else. Separation applies to areas designed in different styles and different uses enhancing safety and reducing distraction. A key feature of Central Park is the use of sunken roadways which traverse the park and are specifically dedicated to vehicles as opposed to winding paths designated specifically for pedestrians.

A beautiful example of this mix of principles is seen in the Park's Mall in New York's Central Park, a large promenade leading to the Bethesda Terrace and the single formal feature in Olmsted and Vaux's original naturalistic design. The designers wrote that a "'grand promenade' was an 'essential feature of a metropolitan park'";^[22] however, its formal symmetry, its style, though something of an aberration, was designed so as to be subordinate to the natural view surrounding it. Wealthy passengers were let from their carriages at its south end. The carriage would then drive around to the Terrace, which overlooked the Lake and Ramble to pick them up, saving them the trouble of needing to double back on foot. The Promenade was lined with slender elms and offered views of Sheep Meadow. Affluent New Yorkers, who rarely walked through the park, mixed with the less well-to-do, and all enjoyed an escape from the hustle and bustle of the surrounding city.

Academic campuses designed by Olmsted[edit]

Olmsted designed numerous school and college campuses between 1857 and 1895.

From 1895 to 1950, the Olmsted Brothers (his successors) added to some of their father's initial projects, as well as designing new ones. (See their article for projects.) Together, these works totaled 355. Some of the most famous of Frederick Law Olmsted are listed here.

Alabama A&M University Main Campus, Huntsville, Ala.
American University Main Campus, Washington, D.C.
Auburn University Main Campus, Auburn, Alabama
Berwick Academy, South Berwick, Maine (1894)
Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania (1885)
Colgate University, Lower grounds, Hamilton, New York
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (1867–73)
Denison University, Granville, Ohio (1916)
Fairleigh Dickinson University, Madison, New Jersey
Gallaudet University, Washington, D.C. (1866)
Good Will Home Association, Hinckley, Maine
Groton School, Groton, Massachusetts
Grove City College, Grove City, Pennsylvania
Lawrenceville School, Lawrenceville, New Jersey (1883–1901)
Manhattanville College, Purchase, New York
Miami University, Oxford, Ohio (1912)
Middlesex School, Concord, Massachusetts
Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Massachusetts

Noble and Greenough School, Dedham, Massachusetts
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (1890ss)
Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts (1891–1965)
Pomfret School, Pomfret, Connecticut
St. Albans School (Washington, D.C.)
Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts (1891–1909)
St. Joseph Hill Academy, Staten Island, New York
Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, Main Quad (1887-1906) and campus master plan (1886–1914)
Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut (1872–94)
University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, master plan (1865)
University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
University of Maine, Orono, Maine
University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (1865–99)
Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts
Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (1874–81)

Other notable Olmsted commissions[edit]

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Alphabetically[edit]

Olmsted sites by State and Province[edit]

Canada[edit]

British Columbia[edit]

Victoria: The Uplands, 1907

Ontario[edit]

Roches Point: Beechcroft Gardens, ca. 1870^[23]
Roches Point: Lakehurst Gardens, ca. 1870^[23]
St. Catharines: Montebello Park^[28]

Quebec[edit]

Montreal: Mount Royal Park, inaugurated in 1876

United States[edit]

Alabama[edit]

Birmingham: George Ward Park

California[edit]

Berkeley: Piedmont Avenue
Oakland: Mountain View Cemetery, dedicated in 1865
Palo Alto: Stanford University
Riverside: Fairmount Park
San Francisco: Public Pleasure Grounds

Colorado[edit]

Denver: Civic Center Park

Connecticut[edit]

Bridgeport:
- Beardsley Park, 1884
- Seaside Park, 1860s
Hartford:
- Elizabeth Park (Hartford & West Hartford)
- The Institute of Living, 1860s
- Trinity College (Connecticut)
Meriden:
- Hubbard Park
New Britain: Walnut Hill Park
New Haven: Edgewood Park

Delaware[edit]

Wilmington: Brandywine Park, 1886

Georgia[edit]

Druid Hills, Atlanta
Olmsted Linear Park, Atlanta
Piedmont Park, Atlanta

Illinois[edit]

Chicago:
- Jackson Park, originally South Park
- World's Columbian Exposition, 1893
Peoria:
- Bradley Park
Riverside: Village of Riverside
Hinsdale, Illinois (Woodlands section)
Clarendon Hills, Illinois

Kentucky[edit]

Louisville

Maine[edit]

Maryland[edit]

Baltimore:
- Sudbrook Park, 1889

Massachusetts[edit]

Boston:
- Emerald Necklace:
  - Back Bay Fens, Arborway and Riverway
  - Muddy River Improvement
  - Olmsted Park
  - Jamaica Pond
  - Pinebank Promontory
  - Arnold Arboretum
  - Franklin Park
- Charlesbank
- Charlestown Heights
- Commonwealth Avenue - Brighton
- North End Park and Copps Hill Terrace
- Pleasure Bay
- Wood Island Park (taken by eminent domain in the 1960s to expand Logan International Airport)
Brookline:
- Beacon Street Widening
- Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site
Brockton: D.W. Field Park
Concord: Middlesex School
Danvers: Glen Magna Farms
Dartmouth: Country Club of New Bedford, adapted estate of Holden Brownell to accommodate activities of the new club^[34]
Dedham: MIT Endicott House
Easton: The Rockery
Fall River:
- North Park, 1901^[29]
Groton: Groton School campus
- Ruggles Park
- South Park (now Kennedy Park)
Hingham: World's End, formerly the John Brewer Estate, 1889
Lenox, Massachusetts: Elm Court:
Lowell: Tyler Park (smallest park Olmsted and associates designed)
Lynn: Lynn Woods
Malden: Fellsmere Park Parkways, 1893
Manchester:
- Manchester Town Common
- Masconomo Park
New Bedford: Buttonwood Park
Newton: City Hall park, 1932
Osterville: Oyster Harbors
Springfield: Forest Park
Swampscott: Olmsted Subdivision Historic District
Waltham: Robert Treat Paine Estate, circa 1866
Weston: Filmore Farm Charles Henry Jones, circa 1880
Whitman: Whitman Town Park, circa 1875
Worcester: Elm Park, 1854

Michigan[edit]

Bay City: Carroll Park
Detroit:
- Belle Isle Park, master plan and landscape in the 1880s
- Elmwood Cemetery
Marquette: Presque Isle Park^[31]

New Jersey[edit]

Bloomfield & Montclair: Brookdale Park, built 1928–1931
Essex County: South Mountain Reservation (done by successors, not by Olmsted senior)
Florham Park: Florham, former estate of Hamilton and Florence (Vanderbilt) Twombly. Now the campus of Fairleigh Dickinson University
Union County: Warinanco Park, built 1923
Newark: Branch Brook Park, 1900 redesign
Lawrenceville: Lawrenceville School, central campus, 1883
Trenton: Cadwalader Park

New York[edit]

Buffalo:
- Buffalo parks system
Great River, New York, Long Island, Suffolk County
- New York State Hospital for the Insane
Larchmont: Manor Park
Mount Pleasant: Kykuit Gardens, Rockefeller family estate, from 1897
New York City:
- Brooklyn:
  - Eastern Parkway ^[24]
  - Fort Greene Park^[24]
  - Grand Army Plaza^[24]
  - Ocean Parkway^[24]
  - Prospect Park, finished 1868^[24]
- Manhattan:
  - Central Park, 1853 (opened in 1856)^[24]
  - Fort Tryon Park^[24]
  - Morningside Park^[24]
  - Riverside Drive^[24]
  - Riverside Park^[24]
- Queens:
  - Forest Park^[24]
- Staten Island:
  - Vanderbilt Mausoleum, Moravian Cemetery^[24]
Newburgh: Downing Park
Niagara Falls: Niagara Reservation (now Niagara Falls State Park), dedicated in 1885
Point Chautauqua: Point Chautauqua Historic District
Rochester:
- Genesee Valley Park^[26]
- Highland Park^[26]
- Maplewood Park^[26]
- Seneca Park^[26]
Saratoga Springs: Congress Park
Utica: Frederick T. Proctor Park ^[35]
Watertown: Thompson Park^[32]

North Carolina[edit]

Asheville: Biltmore Estate grounds
Pinehurst: ground broken in 1895
Dilworth: ground broken in 1890^[36]

Ohio[edit]

Oregon[edit]

Portland:
- Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition
- Various parks^[30]

Pennsylvania[edit]

Scranton: Nay Aug Park
Town of Vandergrift: 1895

Rhode Island[edit]

Providence: Butler Hospital

Utah[edit]

Salt Lake City: Utah State Capitol grounds master plan

Vermont[edit]

Shelburne: Shelburne Farms

Washington[edit]

Seattle: Various parks^[30]
Spokane: Manito Park, Rockwood Boulevard

Washington, D.C.[edit]

West Virginia[edit]

Morgantown: Woodburn Circle, West Virginia University

Wisconsin[edit]

Milwaukee:
- Lake Park^[27]
- River Park (now Riverside Park)^[27]
- West Park Zoological Gardens (now Washington Park)^[27]

Olmsted in popular culture[edit]

In Erik Larson's The Devil in the White City, Olmsted is featured as one of the most important figures participating in the design of the 1893 Chicago World's Columbian Exposition. In the book, his personality and actions are given significant coverage. In addition, his importance in designing the fair is highlighted (e.g., his part in picking the geographic site and his bureaucratic involvement in planning the fair).