EUROPE

U.N. Wants to Let Europe Use Military Force to Stop Migrant Smuggling Boats

By 
UNITED NATIONS — The United Nations Security Council plans to put forth a draft resolution that would authorize Europe to use military force to stop migrant smuggling boats that set off from Libya across the Mediterranean Sea, signaling the Continent’s resolve to stanch the tide of migrants fleeing the Middle East and North Africa.
The measure, which is likely to be discussed with the European Unionforeign minister, Federica Mogherini, on Monday when she is scheduled to meet with the Security Council, raises a host of tricky legal and diplomatic issues, including whether to offer safe passage to the people on those boats or return them to Libya or their countries.
International law prohibits countries from returning migrants who are fleeing persecution in their own countries.
The discussions on the Security Council come as hundreds of migrantshave died at sea while trying to reach Europe, many on frail dinghies.
The International Organization for Migration has recorded a death toll of more than 1,800 so far this year.
United Nations diplomats said this week that the draft resolution would authorize European troops to conduct military operations not only in international waters, but also on Libyan soil and in Libya’s territorial waters under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, which authorizes the use of force.
“This is designed to be an upstream measure to prevent this from happening,” one Council diplomat said Wednesday. It could be adopted by mid-May.
One issue for the Council is whether Libya would have to consent to a military operation on its soil.
This is especially thorny because there are two rival Libyan governments and they are engaged in delicate political negotiations mediated by the United Nations.
The United Nations mission of the internationally recognized Libyan government did not respond to a request for comment.
The draft measure was proposed by European members of the Council, as well as by Italy, which bears the principal burden of rescuing migrants who try to cross the Mediterranean Sea.

What’s Behind the Surge in Refugees Crossing the Mediterranean Sea 

The civil war in Libya has made it easier for smugglers to transport people through the country. As a result, the number of people fleeing war and poverty in Africa and the Middle East to reach Europe via the Mediterranean Sea has surged since last year. So far this year more than 1,800 migrants may have drowned attempting the journey. 
About 450 migrants disembarked from an Italian Navy ship in Augusta, Sicily, on Wednesday after being rescued from the Mediterranean Sea. Lynsey Addario for The New York Times

Seeking Asylum in Europe

Many refugees sought asylum in countries like Germany and Sweden, which have been relatively open to immigrants. As the refugee surge continues, debate is growing in the European Union about the lack of unified immigration policies and funding for migrant rescue operations.
ICELAND
FINLAND
Asylum applicants per 1,000 people in 2014
Sweden had the most asylum applicants per capita, with 8.4 applicants per 1,000 residents, which is nearly twice as many as the second- ranked country, Hungary. 
NORWAY
SWEDEN
ESTONIA
0
1
2
3
4 or more
LATVIA
LITHUANIA
DENMARK
IRELAND
BRITAIN
NETHERLANDS
POLAND
BELGIUM
Germany had the most applicants, with more than 200,000 migrants seeking asylum, mainly from Syria, Serbia, Kosovo and Eritrea.
GERMANY
CZECH REP.
SLOVAKIA
AUSTRIA
HUNGARY
FRANCE
ROMANIA
SWITZ.
CROATIA
Italy had more than 170,000 refugees arrive in 2014, many of whom sought asylum in other European countries.
BULGARIA
ITALY
PORTUGAL
SPAIN
GREECE
CYPRUS
MALTA
The New York Times   |   Sources: European Commission, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
The United Nations called the current crisis in the Mediterranean “a tragedy of epic proportions,” in a statement released Thursday. It also called for a more comprehensive response by the European Union.
700
Asylum applications in Europe
In thousands
600
Germany
500
Sweden
400
Italy
300
France
200
100
Other
2011
2012
2013
2014
The New York Times   |   Source: European Commission

Deaths at Sea

As of April 20, there have been about 18 times as many refugee deaths in the Mediterranean Sea from January to April compared to the same period last year, according to initial estimates from the International Organization for Migration.
Naples
Istanbul
Estimates of refugees who were lost or died at sea since January 2014
Each circle represents an incident, sized by number dead or missing.
Unfilled circles are reports that have only been partially verified.
ITALY
GREECE
Palermo
Izmir
May 5, 2015
TURKEY
Athens
SICILY
Catania
Tunis
April 13, 2015
Antalya
400
Most incidents have occurred along the route between Libya and Italy.
Sfax
240
800
TUNISIA
Mediterranean
Sea
Tripoli
Derna
Misurata
April 19, 2015
Benghazi
Surt
Alexandria
100 MILES
LIBYA
EGYPT
Cairo
The New York Times   |   Sources: IOM Missing Migrants Project, The Migrants Files
The increase in crossings has mainly occurred on Mediterranean Sea routes to Italy, though crossings to Greece have also risen. The number of crossings is expected to remain high this year. In the first 17 days of April, 11,000 people have been rescued in the Mediterranean Sea.
Detected illegal border
crossings, 2011 to 2014
160,000
120,000
80,000
40,000
2011
2014
Western
Mediterranean
Central
Mediterranean
Western
Balkan
Eastern
Mediterranean
Other
Routes
EUROPE
EUROPE
EUROPE
EUROPE
AFRICA
AFRICA
AFRICA
AFRICA
The New York Times   |   Source: Frontex
Operators of vessels used to transport migrants charge Africans the equivalent of  $400 to $700 per person per trip. Syrian migrants are charged the equivalent of $1,500 per person to cross the sea, said Flavio DiGiacomo, head of communications at the International Organization for Migration. Vessels are frequently overcrowded and often unseaworthy, he said. For refugees, once the fare is paid, there is no turning back, said Mr. DiGiacomo.
Humanitarian organizations, which are expecting a rapid increase in the flow of refugees as the weather improves,  are concerned that a cut this year in financing for Mediterranean Sea patrol programs would hamper rescue efforts.
Origin of migrants arriving in Italy by sea, Jan. to April 2015
Total: 26,200
Eritrea
5,400
Somalia
3,700
Nigeria
2,800
Gambia
2,100
Syria
2,100
Mali
Sudan
Other
Senegal
The New York Times   |   Source: International Organization for Migration

A Transit Hub for Refugees

Many of the refugees begin their journey in the backs of trucks, which smugglers use to transport them through the desert and into Libya.
Routes commonly used by refugees
to reach the Libyan coast, 2014-15
Istanbul
ITALY
TURKEY
GREECE
SPAIN
Algiers
Damascus
Zawarah
IRAQ
Tripoli
MOROCCO
Benghazi
Ouargla
Ajdabiya
Cairo
SAUDI ARABIA
Debdeb
All international flights to Libya have been grounded.
ALGERIA
LIBYA
Sabha
Qatrun
Eritreans overwhelmingly cite military conscription as their reason for leaving home.
Al Koufra
Tamanrasset
EGYPT
SAHARA DESERT
Timiaouine
Dongola
Dirkou
MALI
SUDAN
CHAD
Gao
ERITREA
Agadez
Khartoum
Niamey
Gallabat
Syrian refugees, who are increasingly being denied entry visas into neighboring countries, are now flying to Khartoum, the capital of Sudan, in order travel to Libya and from there, to Europe.
Ouallam
Gondar
Bamako
Jijiga
NIGERIA
Kelafo
Benin City
Beledweyne
Juba
Dolo
Cotonou
People from impoverished sub-Saharan countries traveled previously to Libya to find work, but the civil war is forcing them to seek work in Europe.
Gulu
Mbale
Nairobi
The New York Times   |   Source: Frontex
Refugees are then left to await transport in small houses where they are vulnerable to abuse, according to Mr. DiGiacomo of I.O.M. In some cases, refugees are held in detention centers until they are able to pay to leave.
Italian sailors rescued more than 100 refugees from Africa in the sea between Italy and Libya on Oct. 4, 2014. The migrants said they had left Tripoli, Libya, the night before.Lynsey Addario for The New York Times
Sources: Frontex, International Organization for Migration, I.O.M. Missing Migrants Project, European Commission, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 
By Sarah Almukhtar, K.K. Rebecca Lai, Sergio Peçanha, Derek Watkins and Jeremy White 
The proposed military intervention against the smugglers’ boats is part of a European Union plan, unveiled in April, which also includes tripling its border protection operation and offering places to 5,000 migrants who qualify for “protection.”
Human rights groups have called the European Union’s plan inadequate. And even the chiefs of three United Nations agencies said efforts to deter smuggling would be futile “unless measures are adopted to address overly restrictive migration policies in Europe, as well as the push factors of conflict, human rights violations and economic deprivation.”
Indeed, some legal experts contend that Europe is obliged by its own human rights laws to offer the migrants a chance to seek political asylum. This presents European governments with a dilemma.
“If migrants are safely brought to Europe and distributed among members states where their asylum claims are dealt with, then seizing boats would amount to organizing (almost) safe corridors between Libya and Europe,” Philippe Fargues, of the Migration Policy Centre at the European University Institute in Florence, wrote in an email. “On the other side, if boats are systematically sent to the bottom, one may expect that scarcity of boats will result in more rusty crafts being used and a rising price of the seat.”
James Hathaway, a University of Michigan law professor, said the focus on smuggling rings was something of a red herring. Migrants fleeing war or persecution often have no option but to use smugglers, he said.
And the real issue, he said, is how to offer the migrants a chance to seek asylum in Europe rather than to return them to countries where they would face persecution.
“States know that smuggling is the only way desperate people can reach safety,” he said. “If the Security Council does not, in taking action, absolutely ensure the unequivocal respect for the duty not to return refugees, the Security Council would be blessing a breach of international law.”
The Council resolution proposes to remove people on the boats in line with international law, Council diplomats said, but it remains unclear exactly what provisions would be made for them.
Another point of contention among Council diplomats is whether the smugglers’ boats can be destroyed. Russia has said it cannot support such an initiative.
On Wednesday, Francesco Rocca, president of the Italian Red Cross, after meeting with the secretary general, called for what he described as a “comprehensive approach” to deal with the crisis in Libya and offer migrants legal avenues to seek asylum in Europe.
“If we bomb and let them die in Libya that’s not a solution,” he told reporters. The migrant traffickers, he added, would simply find another way if the Libya route were to be closed.
The exodus reflects a worldwide surge of displacement. According to a report released Wednesday by the Norwegian Refugee Council, a record 30,000 people fled their homes every day in 2014, raising the total numbers of internally displaced people around the world to 38 million. That number does not include refugees, who have fled their countries.