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Below you will find a selection of articles from our International
Fire Fighter magazine. These articles focus on fire protection,
prevention and safety in both municipal and industrial fire and rescue
industry plus features on the different fire and rescue training of
firefighters worldwide.
There are many aspects to
emergency operations in regard of what equipment and what techniques or
systems of work can be employed at incidents involving confined spaces.
However, it is important to fully understand the meaning of 'confined
space' when it comes to emergency operations. To not do so can result in
actions not being taken that could result in a lower level of safety
for personnel and casualties and in possible legal action against your
department were there to be a situation generating an investigation by
regulatory authorities. This would be most relevant at either extended
operations where there is time to put in place all appropriate control
measures or at incidents where there is no immediate life risk.
Foam is a highly effective tool
to include in a fire protection arsenal. It has many applications from
fire extinguishment to exposure protection to hazardous material
response. In order to make foam effective it is important to both
understand how foam systems work and select the correct hardware.
Positive pressure ventilation is
now the mainstay of firefighting departments across the US. As with many
innovations, it grew out of a strong firefighting culture in
California, a state known for its extensive experience fighting
wildfires.
This simple phrase is heard by
thousands of callers, on a daily basis, by people who are asking for an
emergency response to some type of crisis going on in their lives. They
need assistance, from first responders, because they are unable to
handle the physical or emotional issues they are currently experiencing.
It is an instinctive and inner drive to reach out and ask for help,
from our early childhood days, when we were dependent on our families,
friends, and teachers. So why the change when we put on our fire
uniforms and head off to the fire station for our shift, or responding
from home as a volunteer? Welcome to what I call "cultural brainwash."
Sudden cardiac arrests (SCA) can
be fatal but since the introduction of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
(CPR) and Automatic External Defibrillators (AED) thousands of lives
have been saved worldwide. Laerdal Medical, the company that created
Resusci Anne, the world's most famous life-sized resuscitation manikin
looks at the evolution of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automatic
external defibrillators and outlines how firefighters in the USA and the
UK are using both in their working lives.
Land-Based Firefighter talking to a ship's Master...
"Well, the fire went out"....
"Yeah but you sank my ship!"....
"I know that, but the fire did go out!"
With hundreds of models of
handheld firefighting nozzles from which to choose, the choice can be
confusing and the decision making process often frustrating.
FIRED-uP is a three year project investigating innovative ways to reduce the environmental impact of fire service fleets.
Telemetry is now a frequently
heard word in everyday life. It may be telemetry from a Formula One car
whilst you're watching the Grand Prix, telemetry being talked about when
a rocket launches and sends information back to NASA ground control or
even when a probe is launched from the Enterprise during Star Trek.
Telemetry technology is also being increasingly used within the fire and
rescue service.
As a firefighter or an emergency
rescue professional, you are only assured of one thing: you never
knowing what's coming next. Supreme adaptability in your training is
required to be prepared for the myriad situations you will be expected
to deal with in the course of a single year, let alone a lifetime in
these challenging but rewarding careers. There is, however, one thing
that doesn't change with regard to your plan of action in any given
situation, and that is establishing a method to secure your own safety
before helping others. This means seeing that you are properly outfitted
and protected to guard yourself from injury. In this preparation,
taking preventative measures against eye injuries should be right at the
top of your list.
The Urban Search and Rescue
(USAR) capability for England and Wales was introduced through the New
Dimension programme in 2004 in response to the terrorist attacks which
took place in the USA on 11th September 2001. This programme has now
transitioned into the National Resilience capabilities managed on behalf
of Government by the Chief Fire Officers Association (CFOA)
So as a Watch or Crew Manager in
charge of a Watch or a Fire and Rescue Service Extrication Team Leader,
what is your role at a Road Traffic Collision (RTC)?
From time immemorial water has
been the basic weapon of the Firefighter. From the Roman "squirt"
devices to the modern engine driven pumps, applying water to a fire is
the basic attack weapon and solution to fire.
The fire and rescue service is
one of the first services at the scene of accidents, suicides, acts of
violence, acts of nature and major disasters. They retrieve badly
injured people and bodies from buildings, road traffic collisions, air
accidents and sometimes, this has to be carried out in the context of
family and friends standing by watching the horror unfold. They, at
times, also have to deal with the people who may have caused death and
injury.
In my last article I stated that
it wasn't necessary to become an 'old salt' neither in order to know
your direction aboard ship nor to learn some basic shipboard
nomenclature.
2013 has been a busy time for London's Heathrow Airport Fire and Rescue Service. In recent months the main highlights have been:
• New PPE
• New fleet of Rosenbauer Panthers
• New Fluorine/Organohalogen Free International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) Level B compliant foam
• Four aircraft incidents
The title of this article is a
quote by the English historian Thomas Fuller made in the 16th century.
For me it symbolises a major change that is taking place in terms of the
way in which the more progressive fire and rescue service leaders are
using our most precious commodity - water and the reason they are being
so innovative - to produce more efficient and effective fire fighting.
The importance of an effective
casualty centred rescue can not be overstated, indeed it is one of the
fundamental principles taught to rescuers. Although safety of the
casualty is a priority, this should also be balanced with the safety of
the rescuers with the Incident Commander giving careful consideration to
all hazards present at the scene during his dynamic risk assessment.
This will allow for an extrication plan to be implemented which is
casualty focussed but ensures the safety of everyone at the scene of
operations.
By the nature of health and
safety the occurrence of accidents and safety events are unpredictable
but not necessarily unforeseeable. However, I don't imagine any Health
and Safety professional ever expects to wake up to a telephone call, as I
did in February 2005, imparting the dreaded news that two of your
colleagues have died in the act of doing their job. It's shocking in the
extreme. A wave of guilt comes over you when you momentarily question
whether you have done your own job thoroughly enough
The Fire industry is historically
hesitant to change, and why shouldn't it be? If it ain't broke, why fix
it? For hundreds of years we've put out Class A fires with just plain
water. It works. It works well. How are we going to improve on that?
The first infrared line scanner
appeared in 1947 - one image took an hour to produce - but real
technological advancements have meant that these cameras now serve many
useful purposes but none more important than those that help save lives.
No matter what the emergency, no
matter what agency is involved (Police, Fire, EMS), getting to the site
of the emergency call in a prompt and safe manner is of paramount
importance.
An atmospheric monitoring study
carried out by members of the Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service
(GMFRS) has revealed that 33% of calls in a three month trial period
exceeded health and safety executive limits for cyanide or carbon
monoxide, and in 100% of calls their combined toxicity was sufficient to
cause symptoms in the human body.
Once the exclusive and specialist
preserve of a command and control system, Geographic Information System
(GIS) technology is being deployed much more widely by UK fire and
rescue services.
Fire in the home poses one of the
biggest threats to people and communities. Nearly 2,500 people per
year, on average, die in U.S. house fires. Last year 83% of the people
who died in fires did so in one and two bedroom houses. Sixty-seven
percent of all firefighter deaths in residential structural fires
occurred in one and two bedroom houses.
Thatch Overview
Statistically, homes with thatched roofs are no more likely to catch
fire than those with conventional roofs if the owner is made aware and
understands the risk of thatch fire. However, if a thatched roof does
ignite, and is allowed to develop it's almost impossible to control and
the results can be devastating.
You can very likely do a better
job of protecting your people from dangerous gases - and you can
probably get it done while spending less than you are now. It's an
important mission to accomplish. So, let's get started.
Many land based firefighters have
the feeling that a fire is a fire, no matter where it is - 'Just point
me at the flames and I'll put out anything!'
On the 17th of May, more than 120
delegates from across 22 different European countries gathered at the
headquarters of the Nottinghamshire Fire and Rescue Service to attend
the FEU Conference, to discuss how to improve firefighter safety and
share best practice knowledge across Europe.
The problems created by the
increasing obesity of the world population has always been present but
over recent years it is becoming more and more of an issue to the First
Response Emergency Services when being called out to attend a Bariatric
Client.
A hose, a ladder, an axe,
protective gear, a truck, a flashlight, a personal locator device, an
Unmanned Aerial System (UAS), can this be the next technology
breakthrough in urban firefighting?
Personal protective equipment
(PPE) has developed extremely quickly over the last 20 years allowing
firefighters to be exposed to greater temperatures for longer. It is in
the area of understanding the risk and hazards which has brought about
our biggest changes. Modern construction and manufacturing methods have
introduced changes to how fire behaves and develops. PPE designers are
working hard to produce garments which are fit for purpose and at the
same time are cost effective.
In recent years, the work of the
emergency services has become increasingly difficult. Financial cut
backs, increasing regulatory burden, and inter-agency co-operation
protocols all contribute to placing considerable pressure on individual
service personnel, equipment and procedural systems.
The Training Academy at Devon
& Somerset Fire & Rescue Service has introduced a new breathing
apparatus instructor (BAI) course to train its own staff and personnel
from other fire and rescue services. The course is aimed at delegates
who are required to plan and deliver safe and effective breathing
apparatus training.
What is the difference between a
pump and a compressor? Sometimes the words "pump" and "compressor" are
used interchangeably, but there is a difference. A pump is a machine
that moves a fluid (either liquid or gas) from one place to another,
while a compressor is a machine that squeezes a gas into a smaller
volume and (often) pumps it somewhere else at the same time.
Makers of aircraft rescue and
firefighting (ARFF) apparatus are continually improving their equipment,
upgrading their units' ease of use, adding safety features and turrets,
increasing fire suppression capabilities, and making more nimble
vehicles.
Despite continuous efforts to
provide a general understanding of what live fire training systems are
and the benefits they offer, many organisations are still unsure of what
factors to consider when procuring a live fire training system.
We have seen a massive investment
in new Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) facilities over the past decade to
provide a cleaner fossil fuel than the more traditional diesel and oil
used for power generation, heating and commercial transportation. A
substantial amount of that infrastructural development and investment is
still being undertaken, particularly in Australia, the broader
Asia-Pacific region, Africa, Russia, India and some parts of the
Americas.
Postgraduate students from around
the world are bringing a diverse range of skills, experience and
knowledge to enhance wildfire research in Australia through the Bushfire
Cooperative Research Centre.
Thermal imaging cameras have long
since proven their worth in saving lives, and the leading manufacturers
are continuing to invest heavily in new and improved technology.
Manufacturers working in the PPE
industry appreciate only too well the huge responsibility which is
bestowed upon them. This is not just a responsibility to develop and
produce the highest quality fabrics and garments to be worn by
firefighters, although clearly this is important. The biggest
responsibility is to ensure that the garments worn by our fire services
in all the different scenarios they face offer the best possible
protection.
"Confined Space" refers to a
space, which by design has limited openings for entry and exit,
unfavourable natural ventilation that could contain or produce dangerous
air contaminants, and that is not intended for continuous employee
occupancy.
The time has now long since
passed when prejudices and misconceptions about the use of GRP for
firefighting vehicle superstructures limited its share of the
international market. Today, the unique features of the material and the
research and development work that has gone into developing new and
improved solutions has undoubtedly made GRP (glass-fibre reinforced
polyester) the material of choice for fire and rescue services around
the world.
Monitors will give more firefighting power without tying down personnel, so here is what to know before you buy.
The latest edition of the NFPA
Structural Fire Fighting PPE standard is now up and running. This new
edition will include changes to the performance and testing requirements
of helmets intended for the US and other markets that have adopted NFPA
standards.
Selecting the right rescue saw
can, literally, mean the difference between life and death for the
trapped victim. In this Buyers' Guide we aim to show what is new on the
market from the leading brands around the world
Anyone can try to make all
situations fit only a single nozzle's parameters, but this is a false
supposition that could create safety issues for your crews as they
advance into a structure
The Fire Services in Ireland are
managed at local authority level, with the Department of the
Environment, Heritage and Local Government playing an advisory,
legislative and policy-making role. There are approximately 3,300
firefighters employed in around 216 stations.
Animal rescues are now widely
regarded as one of the most dangerous challenges a modern firefighter
will face. Yet many are oblivious to the dangers.
The use of photovoltaic (PV)
systems as an energy-generation source is growing at a rate of 30
percent annually due to government incentives and rising energy costs.
As a result of greater utilization of PV systems, traditional
firefighter tactics for suppression, ventilation and overhaul have been
complicated. This leaves firefighters vulnerable to potentially
unrecognised exposures, particularly due to risk of electrocution.
Though the electrical and fire hazards associated with electrical
generation and distribution systems are well-known, PV systems present
unique safety considerations.
The Training Academy at Devon
& Somerset Fire & Rescue Service (DSFRS) is a UK leading fire
and rescue training provider, offering the highest standard of fire
behaviour and specialist rescue instruction to commercial businesses,
individuals, other fire and rescue services and emergency services
personnel to enable them to work safely and effectively in hazardous
conditions.
New and improved hydraulic
extrication and rescue tools and new techniques are continuing to change
the speed, efficiency and safety in which rescue operations are being
carried out. Here we take a look at some of the latest thinking and
unveilings from the world's leading manufacturers.
Fuel contamination is a serious
issue with Class B firefighting foams. Also known as the fuel-pickup
problem, fuel contamination is unavoidable because the foam comes in
direct contact with the fuel.
With the greatly increased use of
PPV, the leading manufacturers have boosted their research and
development efforts to provide firefighters with the most efficient and
reliable equipment. In this Buyers' Guide we highlight the latest
offerings from the world's leading suppliers.
Most firefighters do not have a
solid understanding of how and why Class A foam works, or how it can
benefit their fire ground operations and safety. The A-Foam Authority,
has been established to address these issues and assist fire departments
in determining how best to apply foam technology in their department
and their specific target hazards.
While it is the monster-looking,
stainless-steel encrusted firefighting appliances that are undoubtedly
the most spectacular and awe inspiring, they are not necessarily the
most cost effective solution for every firefighting role. With global
brigade budgets and - in some instances - even manning levels being slid
under the number-cruncher's microscope, many are now looking at vehicle
options that can respond faster to some incidents at a lower cost, and
with greater resource efficiency.
In the past, training
firefighters for chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN)
incidents was relatively straightforward. Today, however, the task is
far more complicated. The emergency services are faced with many
different challenges and no two incidents are ever the same. This is
largely due to the fact that, in recent years, the range of potential
incidents has increased considerably, spanning from the dangers of
entering meths labs to dealing with the threat of terrorist attacks,
especially involving devices such as so-called dirty bombs.
Those working within the offshore
energy industry ply their trade in some of the harshest working
environments on the planet. The isolated nature of working on-board an
offshore platform brings a multitude of challenges, as well as a number
of potential risks.
In most earthquake disasters
deaths and injury are primarily related to collapsed building. The
growing population and ingenuity of mankind is creating bigger and
higher buildings to house more and more people. When an earthquake
strikes in the larger metropolitan areas it will definitely result in a
tremendous disaster and the devastation will be unknown. But it is not
only earthquakes or weather-based phenomena we must fear.
Petrochemical and storage tank
fires regularly illustrate the significant damage that can be caused to
critical assets during an emergency. Post incident key learning in the
majority of cases reveals the need to 'be prepared'. As one of the
founding fathers of the United States, Benjamin Franklin, put it: "Fail
to prepare, prepare to fail".
While there are many
organisations that provide food, water and shelter for survivors of
disasters, there is not an organisation that provides specialised
equipment and experienced staff for the immediate needs of the leaders
and members of communities, free of charge, in the aftermath of a
catastrophe. Since May of 2007, the First Response Team of America has
assisted local fire departments in dozens of communities across the
United States in the wake of catastrophe.
Airports across the world are
continuing to invest in high-spec firefighting vehicles to safeguard
passengers and crew alike. Among the latest manufacturers to make the
headlines are Ziegler, E-One, Pierce and Oshkosh.
Nowadays state of the art 21st
century, modern day, lightweight ergonomically designed breathing
apparatus with integrated telemetry systems are commonplace. However the
question remains, is enough being done to protect the respiratory
systems
of fire fighters at today's fires?
Decontamination shelters have
evolved to keep pace with potential threats and to extend the range of
applications. It is important to make the right choice of ancillary
equipment as well as the shelter itself to ensure optimum performance
and maximum flexibility.
Just as a child is not a small
adult from an emergency medical perspective, a truck is not just a big
automobile. Accidents involving trucks have their own essential aspects
that make them a special challenge.
In April this year, a third party
commissioned DEKRA Certification B.V in the Netherlands to test six
brands of 'intrinsically safe' alkaline (4 x AA) powered hand lamps and
to validate not only various performance claims but also to verify if
the lights were compliant with the issued ATEX certifications. The
results of the study -"Photometric and mechanical testing of six
different type of professional torches" - are a cause of concern.
It is estimated that every year
in the UK alone nearly 100 marine vessels are destroyed by fire. The
result is lost lives and/ or property and potentially thousands of
pounds in lost revenue and business.
A new course intended to further
improve the standards of international Urban Search and Rescue (USAR)
teams was held recently in the UK on behalf of the UN's International
Search and Rescue Advisory Group (INSARAG).
USAR teams have specific skills,
equipment and training, so what happens when the structural collapse
occurs on a more local scale, which does not immediately fall under the
jurisdiction of specialised teams?
The Devon & Somerset Fire
& Rescue Service Training Academy is a leading UK fire and rescue
training provider and delivers training to organisations, fire and
rescue services, individuals and internal staff.
As highly trained and proficient
aircraft rescue firefighters, hopefully we have thought through how we
are going to access the aircraft during emergency situations?
Proportioning equipment plays an
indispensable role in foam firefighting, but which type of proportioner
is right for which task, and what are their key characteristics?
Portable fire extinguishers
should be designed to reduce response time and increase control over a
fire hazard at the earliest possible stage. Ideally, users will be fully
trained firefighters responding promptly to every fire event with
substantial safety and extinguishing equipment. However, to minimise
collateral damage and reduce the risk to human life, it is often the
case that staff or civilians within the affected area are the first
people to fight a fire at the time of its outbreak.
Plan two ways out! We've preached it time and time again but have we actually helped our community to plan for it?
Finding innovative ways to
enhance HazMat training in a manner that relates to today's threats and
the array of detection equipment available to firefighters is a
challenge. Here we explore some possible options that could make a busy
HazMat instructor's life easier and HazMat training more realistic and
engaging for the students.
Every year a number of
earthquakes occur all over the world, causing massive damages and loss
of life. The dimensions of these catastrophes quickly exceed the
possibilities and capacities of many nations to generate quick and
sufficient help. Especially when it comes to rescuing trapped victims,
time is a key factor as the chances of surviving decline rapidly as
every hour passes.
The city of Roseville in
California, just 30 kilometres north of the state capital, Sacramento,
recently faced two major hazmat incidents separated by a mere 30 days.
Over recent years there has been a
massive increase in the transport, storage and use of liquefied gases
for fuel in both industrial and domestic applications. For example,
throughout Europe there have been new Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
terminals built to import gas to supplement other supplies.
The Fukushima Nuclear reactor
problems as a result of the Japanese earthquake and subsequent tsunami
demonstrated only too well that just when you think matters cannot get
worse - they most likely will, and even when 20 kilometres away, that
does not mean your locality will not be affected. Unsurprisingly the
incident has resulted in an increase in interest in nuclear emergency
response exercises.
The Training Academy at Devon
& Somerset Fire & Rescue Service launched in November 2010 and
is now one of the leading fire & rescue training providers in the
UK. It offers training solutions to internal staff, commercial
organisations, individuals, fire and rescue services and other emergency
services personnel.
The use of monitors is becoming ever more sophisticated, as the latest thinking and offerings from the market leaders shows.
Positive Pressure Ventilation
(PPV) is a firefighting tactic that involves the use of high-powered
ventilation fans to remove smoke, heat and gases from burning
structures, thereby enhancing safety for first responders. There are
many considerations when deciding whether PPV is right for your fire
brigade and how it will be integrated into existing tactical operations.
This article describes briefly
the fundamentals of rescue practice from on-scene arrival to freeing the
trapped patient and handover to the emergency medical services.
For the thousands of airport
firefighters covering the UK's 33 main airports life is very different
from that experienced by their municipal fire and rescue service
colleagues. The differences begin with the type of regime they
experience, to the types of emergency they are called upon to deal with
on a daily basis.
In the market for new thermal
imaging cameras? In this edition of International Fire Fighter we take a
close look at the latest models to come onto the market from the
leading manufacturers.
The historical safety record for
the LNG industry is strong. Engineering, installation and lifetime use
takes into account the well-known hazards of such an installation.
Different levels of protection ensure that potential hazards are
discovered and eliminated before they become a major risk to the
installation premises and the people working there.
A decade of disasters has
increased the demands placed on firefighters. New training systems help
departments provide improved training.
This article summarises and
explains the new ANSI/ASSE Z359.7 standard establishing industry
guidelines and focuses on minimum requirements for the certification of
fall protection products. It examines the key requirements of the new
standard, which came into effect in October, 2011.
All fire-fighters work in a
dangerous environment, but those tackling the flames are most at risk.
The fire hose is a vitally important "lifeline" for firefighters,
who rely on them to carry out an effective, efficient and above all a
safe job.
Explaining NFPA 1994 and NFPA 1992 and - the certifications of Level B
style suits
High Volume Pumping, and particularly mobile high volume pumping equipment, has developed tremendously in the past 20 years.
How seriously do the world's ship owners take the threat of fire, and how well trained are the crew?
Even seasoned firefighters are
not immune to the threat of trauma. Everyone has their own individual
breaking point. When scenes and experiences become too much, or perhaps
occur too often in a short space of time for the individual concerned,
the result can be depression and behavioural problems. Left untreated,
these symptoms may produce avoidable accidents, extended sick-leave and
eventually resignation or dismissal - and perhaps a major legal
liability for the employer.
The use of ethanol has increased
significantly, creating new challenges for first responders. So much so
that SP Fire Technology and the Swedish Petroleum Institute have taken
the initiative and developed a proposal for a research project on
ethanol tank firefighting called ETANKFIRE.
A storage tank fire is the
nightmare scenario. Avoiding them demands careful risk assessment and
thorough planning, while fighting storage tank fires calls for
exceptional skill and the best available equipment, systems and
products.
The physical and emotional burden
on USAR personnel deployed anywhere in the world is enormous. For this
reason alone, the equipment they choose must perform in the toughest of
environments.
High rise skyscrapers present
particularly difficult firefighting challenges. Recent tests conducted
by the Shanghai Fire Department, in conjunction with our Darley China
Team, have shown remarkable solutions to some of those challenges.
Fire and rescue command and
communication vehicles come in an ever increasing number of shapes,
sizes and configurations, reflecting the trend of tailoring each vehicle
to the particular user's precise needs.
Risk management practices cannot
be fully effective when they are solely preoccupied with procedures,
while ignoring the risk taking nature of the individuals involved.
Hampshire Fire and Rescue
Service's technical rope rescue team provides expert support, working
alongside firefighting crews to provide an increased capability for both
rescue and safe working at height.
Over the past several years a
debate has raged over the use of fluorinated versus non-fluorinated
foam. Much of the debate has cantered on the environmental acceptability
of fluorine- foams and their long-term viability in the market.
There has never been a more
advantageous time to apply technology and performance to a fire fighter
or rescue worker's personal lighting tools. Today's firefighter is
responsible for more equipment than ever before. Due to the burdensome
amounts of gear required to do the job, anything that allows for lighter
and smaller profiles would certainly be welcomed.
Techniques for structural
collapse rescues have been developing rapidly since the mid 20th
century. Major drivers for change have been conflicts, major disasters
and the technology of instant media coverage.
Over the past several years a
debate has raged over the use of fluorinated versus non-fluorinated
foam. Much of the debate has cantered on the environmental acceptability
of fluorine- foams and their long-term viability in the market.
Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE) is different from other equipment used in firefighting and rescue
primarily because of the first P - Personal.
A large industrial fire can have
dire consequences, including injury, loss of life, large-scale financial
loss and environmental harm.
The University of Nevada, Reno
Fire Science Academy (FSA) provides hands-on training, for real world
emergencies, using real fuels and live fire.
The latest phase of an
educational partnership between the Colombian Fire Service and the UK's
Devon & Somerset Fire & Rescue Service (DSFRS) took place
recently in the Colombian capital city of Bogota.
Floodwater poses many dangers to
the rescuer. It is a dynamic environment where one small mistake or
misjudgement can snowball into catastrophe.
The quality of the training and
education for firefighters is, without a doubt, directly linked to the
brigade's performance. Training must be conducted frequently enough to
assure the team members are able to perform their assigned duties under
adverse conditions in a safe and effective manner.
When it comes to a hazmat suit,
confidence comes with a better understanding the engineering and
dynamics of air pressure within your hazmat suit
The flying public has an
expectation of safety when visiting an airport. In particular, they
expect around-the-clock fire safety to be a "given" no matter how
catastrophic the incident may be.
The flying public has an
expectation of safety when visiting an airport. In particular, they
expect around-the-clock fire safety to be a "given" no matter how
catastrophic the incident may be.
Today's municipal fire and rescue
services have to contend with a growing number of challenges and,
across the world, the requirements of one service can differ
significantly for those of another.
Fighting a fire offshore is a
truly nightmare scenario, as the 2010 fire on the BP platform in the
Gulf of Mexico demonstrated so graphically.
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