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Volume 511 Number 7508 pp125-258

10 July 2014

• • This Week

    • Editorials
    • World View
    • Research Highlights
    • Seven Days

  • News In Focus

    • News
    • Features

• • Comment

    • Comment
    • Summer Books
    • Correspondence

  • Careers

    • Feature
    • Column
    • Futures

• • Specials

    • Outlook

  • Research

    • Brief Communication Arising
    • News & Views
    • Review
    • Articles
    • Letters

About the cover

• Previous issue

This Week

Editorials

Top

• Brain fog

  The criticism of Europe’s Human Brain Project by leading scientists reflects a messy management structure that is in urgent need of clear direction.

• Barriers to trust

  An outbreak of Ebola highlights the difficulties of implementing public-health measures.

• Be concerned

  A possible link between neonicotinoid pesticide use and a decline in bird numbers is worrying.

World View

Top

• Not all plagiarism requires a retraction

  Papers that plagiarize only text can still contribute to the literature, but any errors or omissions should be prominently corrected, says Praveen Chaddah.

Research Highlights

Top

• Complexity: Urban social networks remain tight

• Astronomy: The exoplanets that were not

• Biomechanics: Kangaroos' tail-powered walk

• Climate science: Fly farther for climate benefits

• Zoology: Wasps build charnel houses

• Chemistry: Water-repellent chemical sponges

• Planetary Science: Hit-and-run origin for Mercury

• Metabolism: Obesity without diabetes

• Botany: Bellows blow plant pollen

• Social Selection

  Republished paper draws fire

Seven Days

Top

• Seven days: 4–10 July 2014

  The week in science: NASA launches carbon-tracking satellite; European particle accelerators funded; and gloom over Caribbean coral reefs.

News in Focus

• Row hits flagship brain plan

  

  Changes in scope and focus of European project anger factions of neuroscience community.

  • Alison Abbott

• India races through environmental approvals

  

  But ecologists worry that fast turnaround will do nothing to improve quality of assessments.

  • T V Padma

• Survey probes volcano’s depths

  

  Seismic project aims to reveal plumbing of Mount St Helens.

  • Alexandra Witze

• Biotech reels over patent ruling

  

  Firms fight for the right to patent natural products and processes.

  • Erika Check-Hayden

• Correction

Features

Top

• Research integrity: Cell-induced stress

  

  As a much-hailed breakthrough in stem-cell science unravelled this year, many have been asking: ‘Where were the safeguards?’

  • David Cyranoski

• Malaria control: The great mosquito hunt

  

  From dogs to balloons, researchers are using unorthodox ways to find out where malaria vectors hide during a long dry season.

  • Emily Sohn

comment

• Non-communicable diseases: Healthy living needs global governance

  Lawrence O. Gostin calls for action on nutrition, pollution and the built environment to curb non-communicable diseases such as diabetes and cancer.

• History: Fifty years of EMBO

  Georgina Ferry reflects on the evolution of the European Molecular Biology Organization, founded to help Europe to compete with the United States.

Summer Books

Top

• Summer books

  As the wild blue yonder beckons and labs and classrooms empty, Nature's regular reviewers share their holiday reads.

Correspondence

Top

• Cancer detection: Breast-screening trials are ethical

  • Nikola Biller-Andorno

• Cocoa shortfall: Pollination curbs climate risk to cocoa

  • Thomas C. Wanger

• South America: Citation databases omit local journals

  • Juan Pablo Alperin

• Gold rush: Forest devastated by mining is reborn

  • Evert Thomas

• US universities: Graduate admissions test has some merit

  • Brent Bridgeman,
  • David Payne &
  • Jacqueline Briel

Careers

Features

Top

• Employment: PhD overdrive

  An excess of graduates means that job-seekers need to be versatile.

  • Paul Smaglik

Columns

Top

• Column: A wake-up call

  Graduate students must educate themselves and others about academia's dim job prospects, says Jessica Polka.

  • Jessica Polka

naturejobs job listings and advertising features

Futures

• Benjy's birthday

  Time to be creative.

  • John Grant

Specials

Outlook: Epilepsy

Outlook

• Epilepsy

  • Mike May

• Epidemiology: The complexities of epilepsy

  • Neil Savage

• Neurobiology: Unrestrained excitement

  • Michael Eisenstein

• Perspective: The surgical solution

  • Samuel Wiebe

• Genetics: Complex expressions

  • Charvy Narain

• Sociology: Shedding the shame

  • Lauren Gravitz

• Drug development: Illuminated targets

  • Megan Cully

• Food science: Fat chance

  • Rachel Brazil

• Technology: Dressed to detect

  • Elie Dolgin

research

Brief Communication Arising

Top

• T_H2 and T_reg candidate genes in elephant shark

  • Johannes M. Dijkstra

• Venkatesh et al. reply

  • Byrappa Venkatesh,
  • Alison P. Lee,
  • Jeremy B. Swann,
  • Yuko Ohta,
  • Martin F. Flajnik
  • + et al.

News & Views

Top

• Animal health: How to control bovine tuberculosis

  • Robbie A. McDonald

  See also

  • Letter by Brooks-Pollock et al.

• Applied physics: A new view on displays

  • Dirk J. Broer

  See also

  • Letter by Hosseini et al.

• Stem cells: The quest for the perfect reprogrammed cell

  • Vladislav Krupalnik &
  • Jacob H. Hanna

  See also

  • Article by Ma et al.

• Neuroscience: A structure to remember

  • David Stroebel &
  • Pierre Paoletti

  See also

  • Article by Lee et al.

• Climate science: City heat

  • Andrew Mitchinson

  See also

  • Letter by Zhao et al.

• Ocean chemistry: Fingerprints of a trace nutrient

  • Joseph A. Resing &
  • Pamela M. Barrett

  See also

  • Letter by Conway & John

• 50 & 100 Years Ago

• Behavioural economics: A caring majority secures the future

  • Louis Putterman

  See also

  • Letter by Hauser et al.

Review

Top

• Metabolism of stromal and immune cells in health and disease

  • Bart Ghesquière,
  • Brian W. Wong,
  • Anna Kuchnio &
  • Peter Carmeliet

  This Review discusses stromal and immune cell metabolism and its implications for health and disease.

Articles

Top

• Abnormalities in human pluripotent cells due to reprogramming mechanisms

  • Hong Ma,
  • Robert Morey,
  • Ryan C. O'Neil,
  • Yupeng He,
  • Brittany Daughtry
  • + et al.

  Genome-wide analysis of matched human IVF embryonic stem cells (IVF ES cells), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) and nuclear transfer ES cells (NT ES cells) derived by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) reveals that human somatic cells can be faithfully reprogrammed to pluripotency by SCNT; NT ES cells and iPS cells derived from the same somatic cells contain comparable numbers of de novo copy number variations, but whereas DNA methylation and transcriptome profiles of NT ES cells and IVF ES cells are similar, iPS cells have residual patterns typical of parental somatic cells.

  See also

  • News & Views by Krupalnik & Hanna

• Aryl hydrocarbon receptor control of a disease tolerance defence pathway

  • Alban Bessede,
  • Marco Gargaro,
  • Maria T. Pallotta,
  • Davide Matino,
  • Giuseppe Servillo
  • + et al.

  Initial exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces endotoxin tolerance, which reduces immunological reactions to LPS; here it is shown that primary LPS challenge is controlled by AhR, TDO2 and IL-10, whereas sustained effects require AhR, IDO1 and TGF-β, allowing for disease tolerance with reduced immunopathology in infections.

• NMDA receptor structures reveal subunit arrangement and pore architecture

  • Chia-Hsueh Lee,
  • Wei Lü,
  • Jennifer Carlisle Michel,
  • April Goehring,
  • Juan Du
  • + et al.

  X-ray crystal structures are presented of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, a calcium-permeable ion channel that opens upon binding of glutamate and glycine; glutamate is a key excitatory neurotransmitter and enhanced structural insight of this receptor may aid development of therapeutic small molecules.

  See also

  • News & Views by Stroebel & Paoletti

Letters

Top

• Non-local propagation of correlations in quantum systems with long-range interactions

  • Philip Richerme,
  • Zhe-Xuan Gong,
  • Aaron Lee,
  • Crystal Senko,
  • Jacob Smith
  • + et al.

  Trapped ions are used to determine the speed of propagation of correlations and the causal region to which they are confined in quantum many-body systems with medium- and long-range spin interactions.

• Quasiparticle engineering and entanglement propagation in a quantum many-body system

  • P. Jurcevic,
  • B. P. Lanyon,
  • P. Hauke,
  • C. Hempel,
  • P. Zoller
  • + et al.

  The fine control afforded by trapped atomic ions is used to explore experimentally how the range of interactions between the ions influences the spreading of information in quantum many-body systems.

• An optoelectronic framework enabled by low-dimensional phase-change films

  • Peiman Hosseini,
  • C. David Wright &
  • Harish Bhaskaran

  Here stable colour changes induced by solid-state electrical switching of ultrathin films of a germanium–antimony–telluride alloy are demonstrated, adding to its established uses in data storage; possible applications include flexible and transparent displays.

  See also

  • News & Views by Broer

• Quantification of dissolved iron sources to the North Atlantic Ocean

  • Tim M. Conway &
  • Seth G. John

  A high-resolution oceanic section of dissolved iron stable isotope ratios reveals that the primary source of dissolved iron to the North Atlantic is atmospheric dust, while seafloor sediments and submarine volcanic vents also contribute significantly.

  See also

  • News & Views by Resing & Barrett

• Strong contributions of local background climate to urban heat islands

  • Lei Zhao,
  • Xuhui Lee,
  • Ronald B. Smith &
  • Keith Oleson

  Climate modelling is used to show that for cities across North America, geographic variations in daytime urban heat islands—that is, the temperature differences between urban and adjacent rural areas—are largely explained by variations in the efficiency with which those areas convect heat to the lower atmosphere.

  See also

  • News & Views by Mitchinson

• Cooperating with the future

  • Oliver P. Hauser,
  • David G. Rand,
  • Alexander Peysakhovich &
  • Martin A. Nowak

  An intergenerational cooperation game has been developed to study decision-making regarding resource use: when decisions about resource extraction were made individually the resource was rapidly depleted by a minority of defectors; the resource was sustainably maintained across generations, however, when decisions were made democratically by voting.

  See also

  • News & Views by Putterman

• Amphibians acquire resistance to live and dead fungus overcoming fungal immunosuppression

  • Taegan A. McMahon,
  • Brittany F. Sears,
  • Matthew D. Venesky,
  • Scott M. Bessler,
  • Jenise M. Brown
  • + et al.

  The fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis has been implicated in the decline of a large number of amphibian species; here it is shown that frogs can learn to avoid the pathogen, acquire resistance to it and be immunized against it using dead pathogen, findings that potentially offer a way in which resistant populations could be reintroduced into areas that have seen catastrophic declines.

• A dynamic model of bovine tuberculosis spread and control in Great Britain

  • Ellen Brooks-Pollock,
  • Gareth O. Roberts &
  • Matt J. Keeling

  Bovine tuberculosis is a major economic burden on the cattle industry, and attempts to control it have been politically controversial; here farm movement and bovine tuberculosis incidence data are used to construct a mechanistic model and tease apart the factors contributing to epidemic bovine tuberculosis spread.

  See also

  • News & Views by McDonald

• Horizontal genome transfer as an asexual path to the formation of new species

  • Ignacia Fuentes,
  • Sandra Stegemann,
  • Hieronim Golczyk,
  • Daniel Karcher &
  • Ralph Bock

  The formation of a new species can occur by an asexual mechanism by transfer of entire nuclear genomes between plant cells as shown by the creation of a new allopolyploid plant from parental herbaceous and woody plant species, this mechanism is a potential new tool for crop improvement.

• Cntnap4 differentially contributes to GABAergic and dopaminergic synaptic transmission

  • T. Karayannis,
  • E. Au,
  • J. C. Patel,
  • I. Kruglikov,
  • S. Markx
  • + et al.

  The molecular relationship between synaptic dysfunction and psychiatric disorders was investigated using a mouse model system; presynaptically localized Cntnap4 is required for the output of two disease-relevant neuronal subpopulations (cortical parvalbumin-positive GABAergic cells and midbrain dopaminergic neurons) and Cntnap4 mutants show behavioural abnormalities which can be pharmacologically reversed.

• Novel somatic and germline mutations in intracranial germ cell tumours

  • Linghua Wang,
  • Shigeru Yamaguchi,
  • Matthew D. Burstein,
  • Keita Terashima,
  • Kyle Chang
  • + et al.

  Intracranial germ cell tumours are rare tumours affecting mainly male adolescents, mainly in Asia; here the authors identify frequent mutations in the KIT/RAS and AKT/mTOR signalling pathways as well as rare germline variants in JMJD1C, suggesting potential therapeutic strategies focusing on the inhibition of KIT/RAS activation and the AKT1/mTOR pathway.

• SOX2 controls tumour initiation and cancer stem-cell functions in squamous-cell carcinoma

  • Soufiane Boumahdi,
  • Gregory Driessens,
  • Gaelle Lapouge,
  • Sandrine Rorive,
  • Dany Nassar
  • + et al.

  Here, in a mouse model of skin squamous cell carcinoma, a key role is demonstrated for the transcription factor SOX2 in the initiation and progression of skin tumours.

• Avoidance of ribonucleotide-induced mutations by RNase H2 and Srs2-Exo1 mechanisms

  • Catherine J. Potenski,
  • Hengyao Niu,
  • Patrick Sung &
  • Hannah L. Klein

  Srs2 helicase facilitates the removal of ribonucleoside monophosphates that are incorrectly incorporated into DNA during replication.