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First attempts at firefighting can be traced as far back as the 2nd
century. It was then that an Egyptian from Alexandria named Ctesibus
built a basic hand pump that could squirt a jet of water, but the idea
was lost until the fire pump was reinvented about AD 1500. After nearly
being destroyed by uncontrollable conflagrations, ancient Rome developed
a fire department consisting of approximately 7,000 paid firefighters.
These fire brigades not only responded to and fought fires, but also
patrolled the streets with the authority to impose corporal punishment
upon those who violated fire prevention codes.
The United States has been plagued by catastrophic fires for almost 400
years. The development of fire fighting forces in the United States,
especially in the Northeast, have brought innovations in modern fire
fighting throughout the world. The first recorded structure fire in the
United States occurred in 1608 in the colony of Jamestown. On January
7th a conflagration leveled most of the fragile colony which was just
barely a year old. Captain John Smith wrote of the fire in his journal:
"Most of our apparel, lodging and private provisions were destroyed...I
begin to think that it is safer for me to dwell in the wild Indian
country than in this stockade, where fools accidentally discharge their
muskets and others burn down their homes at night." Things havn't
changed much.
In the early days, most fire companies were volunteer or privately
operated. There was some competition for services. Some of the
firefighters were actually recruited not only for their strength in
fighting fire but for their fighting abilities to protect the company
and its equipment. Insurance compaines paid the fire company that put
out the fire, so the one that made it to the scene, hooked up to a
hydrant and completed the task, got paid. The dogs worked well at this
task of protecting not only the horses, but the equipment in the
stations and on the fire ground as well. Fire fighting equipment in the
colonies was rudimentary at best. Leather buckets, hooks and chains,
swabs, ladders, and archaic pumps were the tools of the trade in the
early days.
Fire buckets in colonial towns had the owners names painted on them.
Laws often required residents to purchase them and keep them in repair.
In the 1680s, in New York, the number of buckets a home or business
needed was determined by the risk of fire. A baker must have three
buckets and a brewer had to have six buckets on hand in case of fire.
“Bucket Brigades” were used commonly which consisted of 2 lines of
people stretching from the town well to the fire. They passed buckets
of water to the fire, and empty buckets back to the well to be refilled.
Later, with the invention of the hand pumper, bucket brigades were
used to keep the pumper full of water. Hooks and chains were used to
make fire breaks by pulling down walls of burning buildings to keep the
fire from spreading. Swabs (mops) were used to extinguish embers on
thatched roofs. Fire fighting got an edge with the invention of the
hand pumper, or Handtub. The Foreman of the pump companies would use a
large "speaking trumpet" to give orders to and urge his crew on.
Fire prevention in the United States was born in 1630 in Boston. The
Boston selectmen ordered that "noe man shall build his chimney with
wood, nor cover his house with thatch." In 1648, Governor Peter
Stuyvesant of New Amsterdam (New York City) was the first in the New
World to appoint fire inspectors with the authority to impose fines for
fire code violations. When a fire was spotted, the cry "throw out your
buckets" would be sounded, and a bucket brigade would be formed. Many
homes burnt to the ground.
London suffered a catastrophic fire in the year 1666. The only
equipment available to fight the London fire consisted of two-quart hand
syringes and a similar, slightly larger syringe; it burned for four
days. The London fire stimulated the development of a two-person
operated piston pump on wheels. About 1672 leather hose and couplings
for joining lengths together were produced; though leather hose had to
be sewn like a fine boot, fabric and rubber-treated hose did not come
into general use until 1870. In 1679, Boston imported the first fire
engine to reach America from London.
In 1736 young Benjamin Franklin, already one of the most influential men
in Pennsylvania, began urging readers of his "Pennsylvanian Gazette" to
establish fire-fighting companies. Soon, six volunteer corps were
established in Philadelphia. In 1752, insurance companies in the
colonies began issuing plaques, or "fire marks," to be prominently
displayed on building fronts as an incentive for volunteer fire fighters
to save their insured buildings. These fire marks are extremely rare
these days as most of them were made of lead and were melted to make
ammunition for the Revolutionary War. With bonuses offered as
incentives, rivalries ensued between groups. Marked homes and businesses
were brawled over, while residences on the same street, with no fire
mark, often burned to the ground.
A festive occasion for firemen was the annual town parade, where each
party, dressed in colorful uniforms, would march down the main street.
Here too, companies sought to outdo each other. Lavish helmets and
uniforms, fancy fire axes, decorative parade torches, hand painted
stovepipe-shaped "fire hats," fancy painted fire buckets, and engraved
silver speaking trumpets were commissioned for these parades. The
speaking trumpets were sometimes used for shouting insults at rival
parties. If they had a hand pumper, it was decorated too, often by
celebrated artists.
A steam fire engine was built in London in 1829, but the volunteer fire
companies of the day were very slow to accept it. When a group of
insurance companies in New York had a self-propelled engine built in
1841, the firefighters so hindered its use that the insurance companies
gave up the project. Finally, in Cincinnati, Ohio, the public forced a
steam engine on the firefighters.
In 1852 William F. Channing, a Doctor in Boston used telegraph
technology developed in the early 1840's to create the first fire alarm
box system. Later that year Boston had fire alarm boxes all over the
city. The first box was struck on April 29th of that same year.
In 1832, the New York Mutual Hook and Ladder Company No. 1 volunteers
purchased a horse to pull their engine. One of the reasons may have been
due to a shortage of firefighters caused by a yellow fever epidemic.
It may have been simply that they were tired of pulling the heavy
apparatus themselves. Regardless of the reason, the idea caught on
fast. Before long, horses became a beloved part of the fire service all
over the country. The horses were often trained to the sound of the
bell to get out of their stalls and stand at the front of the apparatus,
usually with the help of the fire house dog, the Dalmatian.
Dalmatians were originally chosen as fire dogs because they formed a
strong bond with the fire horses. They guarded the valuable equine and
kept them company in the station. Often, at the sound of the bell, the
Dalmatian would rouse the horses, and then run out to the apron to bark
at people trying to cross in front of the fire house. They would then
chase the fire apparatus to the scene. The end of the era for
Dalmations as a coaching dogs for fire departments became about the
advent and introduction of motorized cars and fire engines. However,
they are still on duty in many fire stations today acting as companions
to the firefighters and as watch dogs protection the equipment.
The horses used to pull the heavy steamers in Boston were suffering from
equine influenza which resulted in the Great Fire of Boston in 1872.
The firefighters had to struggle to pull the heavy steamers themselves
through the narrow, winding streets of Boston to the fire. It was
reported that “the fire assumed fearful proportions within 15 minutes”
of being detected. 13 people were killed, 9 of them fire fighters. Not
long after, steam powered and then gasoline powered fire fighting
apparatus were put into service. In 1923, on a Monday morning in Chicago
on February 6th., Fire alarm box 846 at State and Chicago Avenue was
pulled at 12:40 p.m. With the horses scrubbed and groomed, the old
steamer rolled out of the swinging doors at Fire Engine 11 for the last
time. Buck, Beauty, Dan and Teddy galloped out of the fire station at 10
E. Hubbard St. with their coach and the fire fighters riding on the
engine. They were led by their Dalmatian escort to a False Alarm. It was
their last response. The alarm was pulled at a box at Chicago Avenue
and State Street as part of a planned event to mark the retirement of
the horse drawn engines and fire fighting equipment in the City of
Chicago. It was the first department in the United States with more than
500,000 residence to serve, to become completely motorized.
Gasoline engines were at first used either as pumping engines or as
tractors to pull apparatus. In 1910 the two functions were combined, one
engine both propelling the truck and driving the pump. Modern equipment
is usually diesel powered, and multiple variations of the basic fire
engine enable firefighters to respond to many types of emergency
situations.
Be sure to click on the links to the left to see a timeline of the fire service, and the history of the Quincy Fire Department.
Credits: Much of the information was gathered from Retired Quincy Fire
Lt. Robert Mood's Book, History of Municipal Fire Fighting in the City
of Quincy, MA, and Dennis Smith's History of Firefighting in America.
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