How the CIA secretly published Dr Zhivago
Boris
Pasternak's famous novel Dr Zhivago remained unpublished in the USSR
until 1988, because of its implicit criticism of the Soviet system. But
for the same reason, the CIA wanted Soviets to read the book, and
arranged the first-ever publication in Russian.
"I had an intelligence background myself so I knew there was something very important that he had to collect and pass on," says his widow, Rachel van der Wilden.
It was not a new piece of crafty military technology, however, but a book - a copy of the first Russian-language edition of Doctor Zhivago.
"It was exciting. You wondered what was going to happen, whether it would work or not," says Van der Wilden, who had left Britain's foreign intelligence service, MI6, when she married and moved to The Hague the previous year.
She still has the book and the wrapping paper, with the date - Saturday 6 Sept. 1958 - written in her husband's hand.
The book was part of a clandestine print run he had collected from the publishers and passed on to the CIA. The plan was for several hundred books to be handed out to Soviet visitors to the Brussels Universal and International Exposition, which was then taking place in neighbouring Belgium.
Pasternak had long been one of Russia's foremost poets and literary translators and it was reasonable to assume that some of the visitors would be eager to read his only novel.
It was hoped that some would take the book home and circulate it among their friends, some of whom might copy it and spread these "samizdat" copies to an even wider group.
Joop van der Wilden had been a member of the Resistance before joining the Dutch secret service
"We have the opportunity to make Soviet citizens wonder what is wrong with their government, when a fine literary work by the man acknowledged to be the greatest living Russian writer is not even available in his own country," says one of the declassified memos.
The novel tells the partly autobiographical story of a Russian doctor and poet, Yuri Zhivago, during the turbulent decades before, during and after the 1917 revolution. He is already married when he falls in love with another woman, Lara - who is married herself, to a committed Bolshevik - and the plot follows the progress of their doomed relationship, as their lives are caught up in the monumental events of the time.
"Pasternak's humanistic message - that every person is entitled to a private life and deserves respect as a human being, irrespective of the extent of his political loyalty or contribution to the state - poses a fundamental challenge to the Soviet ethic of sacrifice of the individual to the Communist system," says another of the memos.
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Sergio D'Angelo Italian journalist and literary agent"He waited in deep anxiety for the publication, fearing complications even at the last minute”
"I think what the Soviets most
objected to was the spirit of the novel," says Peter Finn of the
Washington Post and co-author of The Zhivago Affair.
Knowing his novel would never be published in the USSR, Pasternak gave typed manuscripts to a number of foreigners in 1956. They included an Italian Communist Sergio D'Angelo who was working in Moscow as a journalist and a part-time literary agent for a publisher, and fellow Italian Communist, Giangiacomo Feltrinelli.
D'Angelo wrote in his book, The Pasternak Case, about going to meet the 66-year-old author at his country house in Peredelkino, a writers' colony outside Moscow, in May 1956.
"Pasternak is in the fenced-in garden, wearing a jacket and pants of homespun cloth, perhaps intent on pruning a plant. When he notices us, he approaches with a broad smile, throws open the little garden gate, and extends his hand. His grip is nice and firm," he wrote.
As he hands D'Angelo the manuscript, Pasternak says: "May it make its way around the world." He then adds, perhaps ironically: "You are hereby invited to watch me face the firing squad."
Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1958
Feltrinelli resisted demands from the Soviet authorities and Italian Communist Party not to publish Doctor Zhivago and it appeared in Italian in November 1957.
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Forbidden in the USSR
- Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell, which depicts the rise and fall of socialism and a totalitarian regime
- The Master and Margarita, a satire on Soviet society by Mikhail Bulgakov
- The Gulag Archipelago, by Alexander Solzhenitsyn, about life in a Soviet forced labour camp was published in the West in 1973, but not published in the Soviet Union until 1989
- We by Yevgeny Zamyatin, a dystopian satire on state control completed in 1921
The CIA files reveal that MI6 had
also managed to obtain a copy of the manuscript - although it is not
clear how - and handed it over to the CIA. The agency then arranged for a
Russian-language version to be printed in The Hague by a publisher
experienced in printing Russian-language books.
She believes her husband was chosen to take part because he had links to people at the publishers through their mutual involvement in the Dutch resistance to German occupation in World War Two.
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Find out more
- Peter Finn and Petra Couvee spoke to Weekend on the BBC World Service
The novel was handed to Soviet
visitors, of which there were several thousand, by Russian emigres in a
curtained-off part of the Vatican's pavilion at the Brussels fair.
Word of the operation reached Pasternak who wrote to a friend in Paris: "Is it true that Doctor Zhivago appeared in the original? It seems that visitors to the exhibition in Brussels have seen it."
Finn's co-author, Petra Couvee says an unknown number of the books are known to have reached Moscow.
"We have found one of the copies in the Russian state library. It was intercepted by the customs and it landed in the section of the special collections, which were the banned books," she says.
The Russian-language version of Doctor Zhivago produced for the CIA in the Netherlands in 1958
To avoid such problems in future, the CIA decided to produce its own Russian-language, miniature paperback version in the US, under the name of a fake French publishing house.
Copies of it were given to Soviet and East European students at the 1959 World Festival of Youth and Students in Vienna, which was sponsored by Communist organisations.
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Books the CIA sent to Eastern Europe
- A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man by James Joyce, which is about a young man who questions and rebels against his upbringing
- Animal Farm, described by its author George Orwell as a "satirical tale against Stalin"
- Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell
- The God That Failed - essays by six ex-communist writers who had grown disillusioned with communism
- Pnin by Vladimir Nabokov, which follows a Russian-born professor living in the US
The Soviet "researchers" who
accompanied the young people from the USSR reportedly said: "Take it,
read it, but by no means bring it home."
The CIA's Doctor Zhivago project was part of wider effort by
the agency to get forbidden novels into Eastern bloc countries,
including books by George Orwell, James Joyce, Vladimir Nabokov and
Ernest Hemingway."We know that they thought literature would have an effect and they were willing to invest millions of dollars a year doing this and over the course of the Cold War it's estimated that they brought in perhaps 10 million books and journals that circulated in the entire Eastern bloc," says Finn.
Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in October 1958, but forced by the Soviet authorities into renouncing it. Though he was vilified in the Soviet press, from then on, thousands turned out for his funeral when he died of lung cancer, at the age of 70, two years later.
Doctor Zhivago has sold millions of copies worldwide, and in 1965 an Oscar-winning film version was released. But it was not published in the Soviet Union until 1988, during the perestroika reforms ushered in by Mikhail Gorbachev. The USSR collapsed three years later.
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