The Good Neighbor Policy- When America Did Some Fence Mending with Latin America, afraid of Nazi/Fascist Influence

While the United States dabbled in Empire building, it got out of it almost as fast as it got into it and in some cases the people under U.S. influence actually did not mind the U.S. concern on the whole ( the Filipinos certainly found the Americans preferable to the Japanese occupiers, and if the U.S. invaded countries as a shill for United Fruit etc. (of which America's Tea Party remains willfully and blissfully ignorant, as it does of the Rockefeller meddling in Venezuela etc.) it was a far cry from the epic efforts of the European powers which went back way before the U.S. rebelled against its own colonial status..(the Tea Party remembers the tax part but not the bullying which the U.S. has indulged in in Grenada, Haiti and other countries as well).

Anyway-- as a resident of a town where the "Avenue of the Americas" has become a city "of the Americas" (and everywhere else too) ( And  it is still Sixth Avenue, thank you)-- back we go to those Olden Times before which even the Boomers were born (yes, back THAT far)

Good Neighbor policy

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see Good Neighbor policy (disambiguation).

Brazilian President Getúlio Vargas (left) and US President Franklin D. Roosevelt (right) in 1936

The Good Neighbor policy was the foreign policy of the administration of United States President Franklin Roosevelt toward the countries of Latin America. While its rule became effective during Franklin Roosevelt's presidency, Henry Clay paved the way for it and coined the term "Good Neighbor".

The policy's main principle was that of non-intervention and non-interference in the domestic affairs of Latin America. It also reinforced the idea that the United States would be a “good neighbor” and engage in reciprocal exchanges with Latin American countries.^[1] Overall, the Roosevelt administration expected that this new policy would create new economic opportunities in the form of reciprocal trade agreements and reassert the influence of the United States in Latin America; however, many Latin American governments were not convinced.^[2]

Contents

• 1 Background
• 2 FDR administration
  • 2.1 Policy
  • 2.2 Impact
  • 2.3 1939 World's Fair
  • 2.4 Legacy
• 3 See also
• 4 References
• 5 Further reading
• 6 External links

Background

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the United States periodically intervened militarily in Latin American nations to protect its interests, particularly the commercial interests of the American business community. Whenever the United States felt its debts were not being repaid in a prompt fashion, its citizens' business interests were being threatened, or its access to natural resources were being impeded, military intervention or threats were often used to coerce the respective government into compliance. Due to this, many Latin Americans grew wary of U.S. presence in their region and subsequently hostilities grew towards the United States.

FDR administration

Policy

In an effort to denounce past U.S. interventionism and subdue any subsequent fears of Latin Americans, Roosevelt on March 4, 1933 announced during his inaugural address that: "In the field of World policy, I would dedicate this nation to the policy of the good neighbor, the neighbor who resolutely respects himself and, because he does so, respects the rights of others, the neighbor who respects his obligations and respects the sanctity of his agreements in and with a World of neighbors."^[3] This position was affirmed by Cordell Hull, Roosevelt's Secretary of State at a conference of American states in Montevideo in December 1933. Hull said: "No country has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another".^[4] Roosevelt then confirmed the policy in December of the same year: "The definite policy of the United States from now on is one opposed to armed intervention."^[5]

Impact

Carmen Miranda, became the muse of the Good Neighbor policy.

The Good Neighbor Policy terminated the US Marines occupation of Nicaragua in 1933 and occupation of Haiti in 1934, led to the annulment of the Platt Amendment by the Treaty of Relations with Cuba in 1934, and the negotiation of compensation for Mexico's nationalization of foreign-owned oil assets in 1938.

The United States Maritime Commission contracted Moore-McCormack Lines to operate a "Good Neighbor fleet"^[6] of 10 cargo ships and three recently laid-up ocean liners between the US and South America.^[7] The passenger liners were the recently-defunct Panama Pacific Line's SS California, Virginia and Pennsylvania.^[8] Moore-McCormack had them refurbished and renamed them SS Uruguay, Brazil and Argentina for their new route between New York and Buenos Aires via Rio de Janeiro, Santos and Montevideo.^[7][9]

The policy sought to redefine the way Americans perceived Latin Americans, while at the same time maintaining hemispheric unity. In order to accomplish this, Roosevelt created the Office of the Coordinator Inter-American Affairs (CIAA) in August of 1940 and appointed Nelson Rockefeller to head the organization. The CIAA was essentially a propaganda tool used by the United States to define Latin American society, as they perceived it. The sister division to the CIAA, the Motion Picture Division, was headed by John Hay Whitney, with the main intent to abolish preexisting stereotypes of Latin Americans that were prevalent throughout American society.^[10] Whitney was convinced that “power of Hollywood films could exert in the two pronged campaign to win the hearts and minds of Latin Americans and to convince Americans of the benefits of Pan American friendship.” ^[11] In order to accomplish this, Whitney urged film studios to hire Latin Americans and to produce movies that placed Latin America in a favorable light. Further, he urged filmmakers to refrain from producing movies that perpetuated negative stereotypes. Historically, Latin Americans were lackadaisically portrayed as lazy, backwards and suspicious. ^[12]One film star that emerged during this time was Carmen Miranda. Used as a product to promote positive hemispheric relations, her films, including The Gang's All Here, explicitly promoted the Good Neighbor Policy. Also, the policy's cultural impact included the launch of CBS's Viva América radio program and Walt Disney's films Saludos Amigos (1942) and The Three Caballeros (1944).
By the end of World War II, Latin America was, according to one historian, the region of the world most supportive of American foreign policy.^[13]

Pamphlet describing Chile as a "tourist paradise" during the 1939 World's Fair

1939 World's Fair

The 1939 New York World's Fair was just the place to promote neighborly relations between the U.S. and Latin America. Placed against the backdrop of a growing Nazi threat, the World’s Fair was an attempt to escape from the looming prospect of war and to promote peace and interdependence between nations. With the fair boasting over 60 countries, with some coming from Latin America, this was the place to redefine negative Latin American stereotypes.^[14] Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Venezuela, Cuba, Mexico, Nicaragua and the Pan American Union were all represented at the World’s Fair. Each country seized the opportunity to showcase their country and to make it more appealing to those around the world, especially in the United States. In their bid to increase cultural awareness at the World’s Fair, the countries promoted tourism and strived to compare itself to the United States in an effort to appeal to Americans. ^[15]

Legacy

The era of the Good Neighbor Policy ended with the threat of the Cold War in 1945, as the USA felt there was a greater need to protect the western hemisphere from the Soviet threat. These changes conflicted with the Good Neighbor Policy's fundamental principle of non-intervention and led to a new wave of US interference into Latin American affairs.^[2] Until the end of the Cold War the US directly or indirectly attacked all suspected socialist movements in the hope of ending the spread of Soviet influence. US interventions in this era included the CIA overthrow of Guatemala's President Jacobo Árbenz in 1954, the unsuccessful CIA-backed Bay of Pigs Invasion in Cuba in 1961, CIA subversion of Chile's President Salvador Allende in 1970–73, and CIA subversion of Nicaragua's Sandinista government from about 1981 to 1990.^[2]

After World War II the US began to shift its focus to aid and rebuilding efforts in Europe and Japan. These US efforts largely neglected the Latin American countries, though US investors and business men did have some stake in the nations to the South.

See also

• Anti-Americanism
• Cold War
• Colossus of the North
• Interventionism (politics)
• Latin America–United States relations
• Monroe Doctrine
• United States occupation of Haiti