26 January 2014
Last updated at 15:28 ET
Some foods, such as olive oil, can shift the balance of good and bad cholesterol
"Good", or HDL, cholesterol normally helps to keep arteries clear and is good for heart health.
But the team at the Cleveland Clinic showed it can become abnormal and lead to blocked blood vessels.
They say people should still eat healthily, but that the good cholesterol story is a more complex tale than previously thought.
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is "bad" because it is deposited in the walls of arteries and causes hard plaques to build up that can cause blockages, resulting in heart attacks and stroke.
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is "good" because the cholesterol is instead shipped to the liver.
The evidence shows that having a high ratio of good to bad cholesterol is good for health.
However, researchers at the Cleveland Clinic say trials aimed at boosting levels of HDL have "not been successful" and the role of good cholesterol is clearly more complicated.
'Exact chemical change'
Good cholesterol 'can turn nasty and clog arteries'
Some foods, such as olive oil, can shift the balance of good and bad cholesterol
Good cholesterol also has a nasty side that can increase the risk of heart attacks, according to US doctors.
But the team at the Cleveland Clinic showed it can become abnormal and lead to blocked blood vessels.
They say people should still eat healthily, but that the good cholesterol story is a more complex tale than previously thought.
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is "bad" because it is deposited in the walls of arteries and causes hard plaques to build up that can cause blockages, resulting in heart attacks and stroke.
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is "good" because the cholesterol is instead shipped to the liver.
The evidence shows that having a high ratio of good to bad cholesterol is good for health.
However, researchers at the Cleveland Clinic say trials aimed at boosting levels of HDL have "not been successful" and the role of good cholesterol is clearly more complicated.
'Exact chemical change'
In their study, published in the journal Nature Medicine, they showed how HDL cholesterol could become abnormal.
One of the researchers, Dr Stanley Hazen, said HDL cholesterol was being modified in the walls of the artery.
Small quantities of the abnormal HDL seep back into the bloodstream and this can be detected.
Tests on 627 patients showed that levels of abnormal HDL in the blood could be used to predict the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Dr Hazen added: "This data does not change the message of eat healthily."
Instead, he said the findings would be used to develop new tests for abnormal HDL cholesterol and research on drugs to help block its formation.
Dr Shannon Amoils, a senior research adviser for the British Heart Foundation, said: "Although traditionally we think of HDL as 'good' cholesterol, the reality is much more complex.
"We now know that under certain conditions HDL can become dysfunctional, potentially helping to clog blocked arteries.
"This interesting research pins down the exact chemical change that causes the 'good' HDL cholesterol to become bad.
"This knowledge could allow scientists to monitor coronary artery disease more closely or even target the 'bad' HDL with drugs."
One of the researchers, Dr Stanley Hazen, said HDL cholesterol was being modified in the walls of the artery.
Continue reading the main story
Dr Shannon Amoils British Heart Foundation"Although traditionally we think of HDL as 'good' cholesterol, the reality is much more complex ”
He told the BBC: "In the artery
walls it is acting very differently to in the circulation. It can become
dysfunctional, and contributes to the development of heart disease."
Tests on 627 patients showed that levels of abnormal HDL in the blood could be used to predict the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Dr Hazen added: "This data does not change the message of eat healthily."
Instead, he said the findings would be used to develop new tests for abnormal HDL cholesterol and research on drugs to help block its formation.
Dr Shannon Amoils, a senior research adviser for the British Heart Foundation, said: "Although traditionally we think of HDL as 'good' cholesterol, the reality is much more complex.
"We now know that under certain conditions HDL can become dysfunctional, potentially helping to clog blocked arteries.
"This interesting research pins down the exact chemical change that causes the 'good' HDL cholesterol to become bad.
"This knowledge could allow scientists to monitor coronary artery disease more closely or even target the 'bad' HDL with drugs."
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