1 November 2014
Last updated at 20:03 ET
In Iran they say there are two books in every household - the Koran and Hafez. One is read, the other is not.
To understand this joke you need do no more than join the millions who regularly throng the tomb of Hafez, the 14th Century poet of Shiraz and Iran's national hero, as I did one recent afternoon.
The atmosphere was buzzing, happy and relaxed - Iran at its best.
Day and night the tomb, raised up on a beautifully decorated dais surrounded by its own fragrant rose gardens, water channels and orange trees, is crowded with devotees stroking Hafez's alabaster sarcophagus, declaiming his verses, relishing his clever plays on words.
Hafez represents all the rich complexities of the Iranian identity. His brilliant use of metaphors in their native Farsi language unites them.
But there is another reason the tomb is so popular.
But dissent can be displayed in subtle ways. Thanks to Hafez, Shiraz is Iran's most liberal city.
Women's fashion is the giveaway, affecting the whole mood of the place. While women are obliged by law to cover themselves from head to toe, in Shiraz the women dress almost outrageously by Iranian standards.
The compulsory headscarf is highly coloured and worn dangling precariously from the back of the head, hardly covering any hair at all; the young sport tight black leggings topped by close-fitting slinky mini-coats, each one daring the next to raise the hemline further.
Far from concealing the feminine curves as the rules dictate,
the outfits flaunt them, and the lively groups both young and old, men
and women mix freely, laughing and chatting together.
This is Iran at its least compliant, a far cry from the religious conservatism the establishment seeks to impose on its population.
A famous actor arrives to pay his respects and is mobbed Hollywood-style by adoring fans.
As the sun disappears from the sky and the illuminations come on round the tomb, the atmosphere becomes ever more festive. People start singing and reciting their favourite poems.
Children dangle their feet in the pools, giggling and soaking up their parents' infectious high spirits.
The scene conceals the paradoxes of Iran but, thanks to the Mullah's policy of education for all, there are some surprising changes afoot in Iranian society.
Rubaiyee 21, by Hafez
Don't make me fall in love with that face.
Don't let the drunk the wine seller embrace.
Sufi, you know the pace of this path.
The lovers and drunks don't disgrace.
More women than men now graduate from university. The birth
rate has dropped so dramatically, to one child per family, that the
clerics have introduced financial incentives for couples to breed more.
Most refuse, saying that it is still too expensive to have more than one
child.
While the west remains obsessed with Iran's nuclear enrichment it is an open secret that the well-connected clerics and businessmen enrich themselves through sanction busting.
When I hesitate over buying a Persian rug through lack of cash, knowing Western credit cards are banned from use inside Iran, the carpet dealer disregards my concerns and simply rings a friend in Dubai to seal the transaction.
Unfortunately for the mullahs the mystic poetry of Hafez, besides lauding the joys of love and wine, also targeted religious hypocrisy.
"Preachers who display their piety in prayer and pulpit," he wrote 600 years ago, "behave differently when they're alone. Why do those who demand repentance do so little of it?"
Bans apply to many things in Iran, including the BBC, yet the BBC's Farsi is the most watched TV channel here. Facebook, Twitter, GooglePlus and Instagram are all officially blocked.
Rouhani is calling for internet restrictions to be eased but the last word on such matters rests with the supreme leader, who is so far unrelenting.
Small wonder the people of Iran comfort themselves with the poetry of Hafez. Even the mullahs cannot ban their own national poet.
Listen online or download the podcast.
BBC World Service: Short editions Monday-Friday - see World Service programme schedule.
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The book in every Iranian home
The
works of the 14th Century poet Hafez can be found in almost every
Iranian home - more than 600 years after his death, the writer still
offers an insight into his country's identity.
To understand this joke you need do no more than join the millions who regularly throng the tomb of Hafez, the 14th Century poet of Shiraz and Iran's national hero, as I did one recent afternoon.
The atmosphere was buzzing, happy and relaxed - Iran at its best.
Day and night the tomb, raised up on a beautifully decorated dais surrounded by its own fragrant rose gardens, water channels and orange trees, is crowded with devotees stroking Hafez's alabaster sarcophagus, declaiming his verses, relishing his clever plays on words.
Hafez represents all the rich complexities of the Iranian identity. His brilliant use of metaphors in their native Farsi language unites them.
But there is another reason the tomb is so popular.
Continue reading the main story
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In today's Islamic Republic of Iran it is hard to express resistance to the powers that be.
The ruling clerical elite has consolidated its grip on power.
It uses the rhetoric of revolution while crushing opposition. President
Hassan Rouhani's smiling face has projected a new image outside the
country, but inside everyone tells me things are worse, more oppression,
and more executions than ever before.But dissent can be displayed in subtle ways. Thanks to Hafez, Shiraz is Iran's most liberal city.
Women's fashion is the giveaway, affecting the whole mood of the place. While women are obliged by law to cover themselves from head to toe, in Shiraz the women dress almost outrageously by Iranian standards.
The compulsory headscarf is highly coloured and worn dangling precariously from the back of the head, hardly covering any hair at all; the young sport tight black leggings topped by close-fitting slinky mini-coats, each one daring the next to raise the hemline further.
This is Iran at its least compliant, a far cry from the religious conservatism the establishment seeks to impose on its population.
A famous actor arrives to pay his respects and is mobbed Hollywood-style by adoring fans.
As the sun disappears from the sky and the illuminations come on round the tomb, the atmosphere becomes ever more festive. People start singing and reciting their favourite poems.
Children dangle their feet in the pools, giggling and soaking up their parents' infectious high spirits.
The scene conceals the paradoxes of Iran but, thanks to the Mullah's policy of education for all, there are some surprising changes afoot in Iranian society.
Don't make me fall in love with that face.
Don't let the drunk the wine seller embrace.
Sufi, you know the pace of this path.
The lovers and drunks don't disgrace.
While the west remains obsessed with Iran's nuclear enrichment it is an open secret that the well-connected clerics and businessmen enrich themselves through sanction busting.
When I hesitate over buying a Persian rug through lack of cash, knowing Western credit cards are banned from use inside Iran, the carpet dealer disregards my concerns and simply rings a friend in Dubai to seal the transaction.
Unfortunately for the mullahs the mystic poetry of Hafez, besides lauding the joys of love and wine, also targeted religious hypocrisy.
"Preachers who display their piety in prayer and pulpit," he wrote 600 years ago, "behave differently when they're alone. Why do those who demand repentance do so little of it?"
Bans apply to many things in Iran, including the BBC, yet the BBC's Farsi is the most watched TV channel here. Facebook, Twitter, GooglePlus and Instagram are all officially blocked.
Rouhani is calling for internet restrictions to be eased but the last word on such matters rests with the supreme leader, who is so far unrelenting.
Small wonder the people of Iran comfort themselves with the poetry of Hafez. Even the mullahs cannot ban their own national poet.
How to listen to From Our Own Correspondent:
BBC Radio 4: Saturdays at 11:30 Listen online or download the podcast.
BBC World Service: Short editions Monday-Friday - see World Service programme schedule.
Subscribe to the BBC News Magazine's email newsletter to get articles sent to your inbox.
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